Professional Documents
Culture Documents
March 2013
Sohei SHIMADA
Outline
CCS system (General) CO2 Capture and Transportation Geological CO2 storage Storage Mechanism Risk Assessment Economy of CCS Summary
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Introduction
CCSCarbon Capture and Storage (Sequestration): CCUS:Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage To capture and store CO2, which is usually emitted to the atmosphere and causes the global warming.
Targetstationary sources
Process: capture, transportation, storage, monitoring
IPCC Special Report on CCS, 2005 http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/srccs.htm
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CCS System
Ocean Storage
Mineral Carbonaization
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This shows that the level of CO2 emissions can be understood to depend directly on the size of the human population, on the level of global wealth, on the energy intensity of the global economy, and on the emissions arising from the production and use of energy
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Capture Process
Power Generation
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Fuel Use
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Electricity Cost
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Trapping Mechanism
A trap is a configuration of rocks suitable for containing fluids and sealed by a relatively impermeable formation through which fluids will not migrate. CO2 is held in place in a storage reservoir through one or more of five basic trapping mechanisms: stratigraphic, structural, residual, solubility, and mineral. Trapping mechanisms depend on the local geology and work together when more than one is present. Physical Trapping: stratigraphic, structural, residual
Geo-chemical Trapping:
solubility, mineral
.
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Cap rock is a dense layer of impermeable rock that overlays the rocks holding the CO2 and forms a continuous primary seal. In stratigraphic trapping, cap rock, sometimes coupled with impermeable rocks elsewhere within the same layer as the CO2, forms a closed container to trap the CO2. In structural trapping, impermeable rocks shifted by a fault or fold in the geologic strata hold the CO 2 in place. In addition, CO2 storage rocks are generally separated from the surface by other thick layers of impermeable rock, called secondary seals.
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Residual Trapping
Over time, other even more secure trapping mechanisms take over. In residual trapping, which usually begins after injection stops, the CO2 is trapped in the tiny pores in rocks by the capillary pressure of water. After injection stops, water from the surrounding rocks begins to move back into the pore spaces containing the CO2. As this happens, the CO2 becomes immobilized by the pressure of the added water.
Water Water CO2 CO2 CO2
Residual CO2
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Water
Much of the injected CO2 will eventually dissolve in the saline water or in the oil that remains in the rock, somewhat like sugar dissolves in water to make sweetened beverages. This process, which further traps the CO2, is solubility (or dissolution) trapping. Solubility trapping forms a denser fluid which may then sink to the bottom of the storage formation. Depending on the rock formation, the dissolved CO2 may react chemically with the surrounding rocks to form stable minerals. Known as mineral trapping, this provides the most secure form of storage for the CO2, but it is a slow process and may take place over thousands of years. Currently, research is underway to evaluate how mineral trapping works and the longterm impact of CO2 on fluids and rocks in a variety of geologic settings.
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CO2 avoided
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Summary
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Summary
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Supplement
Enhanced Coalbed Methane Recovery (ECBMR) 1. Gas adsorption on coal 2. Simulation Sensitivity Analysis Swelling
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He container
Pressure transducer
Sample cell
V3
V2
Vacuum pump
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1. 5 1 0. 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pressure (M Pa) 7
Adsorption Equation
For pure gas (CO2, CH4 and N2) Adsorption capacity can be predicted with Langmuir model. Langmuir model Qmaxsaturated volume KLangmuir coefficient Qadsorption capacity Ppressure
QmaxKP Q 1 KP
For mixed gas
Q A Qm ax A
K A pA 1 K i pi
i A n
Agas A
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Schematic of ECBMR
Power Plant
Coal Seam
JCOAL
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Simulation
ECOMERS-UT
(Enhanced COalbed MEthane Recovery Simulator)
Models Structure: Dual porosity system Storage: Langmuir's adsorption isotherm Sorption: Ficks law Flow in cleat: Two phase, Darcy flow Solving method Governing equations:
Mass balance equations of water & gases
MATRIX CO2 N2 CH4 CLEAT
Gas flow
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Sensitivity analysis
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INJECTION WELL
PRODUCTION WELL
Sensitivity analysis
35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Time[day] 6000 7000 8000 CO2-100% CO2-90% CO2-30% CO2-15%
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 2000 4000 Time[day] 6000
8000
Production pattern
Sensitivity analysis
2. Absolute permeability
Condition Well pattern: 1/4 of 160-acre 5-spot pattern Permeability: 1 - 10md Result
4.0E+04 3.5E+04 3.0E+04 2.5E+04 2.0E+04 1.5E+04 1.0E+04 5.0E+03 0.0E+00 0
Methane fraction [-]
10md
3.65md 1md
10md
3.65md 1md
2000
8000
2000
6000
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8000
Production pattern
Sensitivity analysis
2. Absolute permeability
Cumulative production at breakthrough*
Permeability [md] 1 3.65 10 Time [day] 6648 4017 3178 A: Produced CH4 [m3] 5.03x107 5.59x107 6.62x107 Sequestrated CO2 [m3] 1.35x108 1.15x108 9.43x107 B: Primary recovery[m3] 1.93x107 2.98x107 4.51x107 A/B [-] 2.6 1.9 1.5
Low permeability led to Longer(shower) production time High enhancement effect (A/B) Larger CO2 sequestration ECBMR makes reservoirs of low permeability cost-effective.
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Sensitivity analysis
K i Am ( p pi ) ( 1) Sm (C Ci ) M Swelling Adsorbed
Effect of pore pressure coefficient volume
Am p K M Sm C
Permeability model
3 k ki ( ) i
Porosity Pore compressibility factor Pressure Bulk modulus Constrained axial modulus Matrix swelling coefficient 61 Adsorbed volume
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