Chapter 13a Organic Chemistry

13-1. Carbon Bonds 13-2. Alkanes 13-3. Petroleum Products 13-4. Structural Formulas 13-5. Isomers 13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 13-7. Benzene 13-8. Hydrocarbon Groups 13-9. Functional Groups 13-10. Polymers

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds; inorganic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds of all elements other than carbon.
The general properties of carbon compounds are: 1. Most carbon compounds are non-electrolytes. 2. The reaction rates of carbon compounds are usually slow. 3. Many carbon compounds oxidize slowly in air but rapidly if heated. 4. Most carbon compounds are unstable at high temperatures.

13-3. Petroleum Products

Fractional distillation Catalytic cracking
Modern cracking uses zeolites as the catalyst.

13-3. Petroleum Products

Polymerization-the making of plastics
Vinyl

13-3. Petroleum Products

13-5. Isomers
Optical Isomers
http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/ch m19104/isomers/stereoisomers/index.htm

Structural Isomers
http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educm at/chm19104/isomers/intro.htm

13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Unsaturated compounds have double or triple carbon-carbon bonds and are more reactive than saturated compounds, which have only single carbon-carbon bonds (alkanes and similar compounds).

13.7 Benzene
Aromatic compounds

Aliphatic compounds are organic compounds that do not contain benzene rings.

13.8 Hydrocarbon Groups

Alkanes or Hydrocarbons
Methane 1 carbon Ethane 2 carbons

Propane 3 carbons Butane 4 carbons

Pentane 5 carbons Hexane 6 carbons Heptane 7 carbons

Octane

8 carbons

Table 13.1

13-9. Functional Groups

Alkenes
Ethene 2 carbons

Alkynes
Acetylene 2 carbons Propyne 3 carbons Butyne 4 carbons

Propene 3 carbons Butene 4 carbons

Pentene 5 carbons Hexene 6 carbons Heptene 7 carbons

Pentyne 5 carbons Hexyne 6 carbons Heptyne 7 carbons Octyne 9 carbons

Octene

8 carbons

Fig. 13.9, etc.

Acetylene gas welding and cutting.

13-9. Functional Groups

Alcohols
Ethanol 2 carbons Propanol 3 carbons Butanol 4 carbons Pentanol 5 carbons Hexanole 6 carbons Heptanol 7 carbons

Octanol 8 carbons

13-9. Functional Groups

Ethers
oxygen in the middle

Aldehydes
Double bond O with H on end

13-49 Functional Groups

Ketones
Double bond O in middle

Carboxylic Acids
Double bond O with OH

13-9. Functional Groups

Amines
NH2 on end

Esters
Double bond O with O both in middle

Table 13.2

13-10 Polymers
A polymer is a long chain of simple molecules (monomers) linked together. Polymers that contain the vinyl group are classed as vinyls. Some examples of polymers include Styrofoam, Teflon, Orlon, and Plexiglas (or Lucite). Plexiglas is thermoplastic, meaning it softens and can be shaped when heated but becomes rigid again on cooling..

Table 13.3

13-10 Polymers
A copolymer is a polymer that consists of two different monomers. Dynel and Saran Wrap are examples. Certain monomers that contain two double bonds in each molecule form flexible, elastic polymers called elastomers; rubber and neoprene are examples. Polyamides and polyesters are polymers produced by chemical reactions rather than by the polymerization of monomers.
.

13-10 Polymers
Teflon is polymer with a strong bond between carbon and fluorine atoms. It is used as a nostick surface in cookware.
.

Chapter 13b Organic Chemistry

13-11. Carbohydrates
13-12. Photosynthesis 13-13. Lipids

13-14. Proteins
13-15 Soil Nitrogen 13-16. Nucleic Acids 13-17. Origin of Life

13-11. Carbohydrates

-Allose

-Altrose

-Glucose

-Mannose

-Gulose

-Idose

-Galactose

-Talose

-Glucose (an aldose)

D

-D-Glucose

-D-Glucose

-D-Glucose (chair form)

13.11 Polysaccharides

Sucrose

Lactose

Maltose

Amylopectin

13.11 Polysaccharides

Cellulose in wood is extracted and converted to paper at this plant in Maine. Microorganisms in the stomachs of cows help them digest cellulose in plants.

13.12 Photosynthesis

13.12 Photosynthesis

13-13. Lipids

Soap Molecule with Polar head and non-polar tail

Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acid

13-13. Lipids

13-14. Proteins
The polypeptide chain forms a backbone structure in proteins: On first inspection, this structure appears to be connected entirely by single C-C or C-N bonds. It should therefore be as flexible as a simple hydrocarbon chain. Note that flexing in a covalent structure does not occur by bending bonds, and the normal tetrahedral or trigonal planar bond angles are maintained. Instead, different shapes are obtained by torsional rotation about the axis of the bonds:

13-15 Soil Nitrogen

13-16. Nucleic Acids

. Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules. Changes in the sequence of the bases in a DNA molecule can result in a mutation.

13-17. Origin of Life