Second Law of thermodynamic

Discover the inadequacy of the first law.

E.g:






Unlimited to identifying the direction of the
process
Energy has quality as well as quantity

Heat
Considerations:
Work can be converted to heat directly & totally.
Heat cannot be converted to work directly &
totally.
Water
shaft
Heat Reservoir
Need in the development of second law
Concept of heat reservoir - Release energy
- Absorb energy

Eg:

Heat Engine
Steam Power Plant
e
net,out

Low T Res., T
L
Water from river

High T Res., T
H

Furnace
Purpose:
Produce
work,
W
out
, e
out
An Energy-Flow diagram for a SPP
q
in
= q
H

q
out
= q
L

q
in
- q
out
= e
out
- e
in

q
in
= e
net,out
+ q
out
e
net,out
= q
in
- q
out
Thermal Efficiency for steam power plants
in
out , net
Q
W
nput i equired r
output desired
-
-
= = q
in
out , net
Q
W
-
-
= q
in
out in
Q
Q Q
-
- -

=
in
out
in
in
Q
Q
Q
Q
-
-
-
-
=
in
out
Q
Q
1
-
-
=
H
L
Q
Q
1
-
-
=
Refrigerator/ Air Cond
High T Res., T
H
, Kitchen
room / Outside house
e
net,in

Low Temperature
Res., T
L
, Inside
fridge or house
Purpose:
Maintain space
at low T by
Removing q
L
q
out
= q
H

q
in
= q
L

q
out
q
in
= e
in
- e
out
e
net,in
= q
out
- q
in
e
net,in
= q
H
- q
L
An Energy-Flow diagram for a Refrigerator/Air Cond.
Coefficient of Performance for a Refrigerator
in , net
in
R
q
nput i equired r
output desired
COP
e
= =
in , net
in
R
q
COP
e
=
in out
in
q q
q

=
in
in
in
out
q
q
q
q
1

=
1
q
q
1
in
out

=
1
q
q
1
L
H

=
Divide top and
bottom by q
in
Heat Pump
High Temperature
Res., T
H
, Inside house
e
net,in

Low Temperature
Res., T
L
, Outside
house
q
out
= q
H

q
in
= q
L

q
out
= e
net,in
+ q
in
e
net,in
= q
out
q
in

e
net,in
= q
H
- q
L
Purpose:
Maintain
space
at high T by
supplying q
H
An Energy-Flow diagram for a Heat Pump
Coefficient of Performance for a Heat Pump
in , net
out
HP
q
nput i equired r
output desired
COP
e
= =
in , net
out
HP
q
COP
e
=
in out
out
q q
q

=
out
in
out
out
q
q
q
q
1

=
out
in
q
q
1
1

=
Carnot Principles

For heat engines in contact with the
same hot and cold reservoir
Irreversible engines will have lower
performance than the reversible
engines.
All reversible engines have the same
performance.

(K)
(K)
L
H
rev
L
H
T
T
q
q
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
Irr
Q
Irr
Q

W
Irr
=Q-Q
Irr

t
L
Rev
Q
Rev
>Q
Irr
Q

W
Rev
<W
irr
t
H
Proof of First Carnot principle
,
=
net out
H
W
Q
Assumption :Heat engine producesd same
amoount of Q
H

Entropy
A rigid tank contains 5kg of refrigerant -134a initially at 20
o
C
and 140kPa. The refrigerant is now cooled while being
stirred until its pressure drops to 100kPa. Determine the
entropy change of the refrigerant?

Assupmtion: The volume of tank is constant

State 1 :


State 2
The refrigerant in the state of saturated vapor-liquid condition
at the final state

Equation of specific volume at saturated mixture region







Question
A car engine with power output of 50kW has
thermal efficiency 24%. Determine the fuel
consumption rate of this car if the fuel has a
heating value 44,000kJ/kg?
Ans: 17.0kg/h







"The roots of education are bitter, but the
fruit is sweet." -Aristotle