Parts Of Plant And

Their Functions
► Mostplants are made up of 4 basic
parts:

 Leaves
 Stems
 Roots
 Flowers (become fruits or seeds)
 LEAVES
Food factory
Vary in shape and size
Help in identification of plants:
►Flat (most)
►Needlelike
►Cylindrical
► The arrangements are difference:
alternate on the stem, opposite one
another, and whorled (arranged in
circle around the stem)
Leaves consist of petiole (leaf
stalk), and blade (flat part of
leaf).
► Leafblade have veins and midrib
(the large center vein )

► Veins
of the leaf form its structural
framework

► Mostleaves have forms, leaf

margins (edges of plant leaves)
which assist in plant identification.
► The skin of leaf = Epidermis
 A single layer of cells which function to
protect the leaf from loss of water
or too much moisture
► Stomata
 Special cells in the leaf skin,
 Guard cell
 Open and close the small space or
pore on the underside of the leaf
 To allow the leaf to breathe and
transpire (give off moisture and
exchange gasses such as oxygen and
carbon dioxide)
 •Guard cells - Crescent shaped and inner walls are thick.
As the wall become turgid (due to water pressure
in the cell)
the stomata opened.
•Center of the leaf are food making cells (mesophyll)
Contain chloroplast (the green color bodies which contain
chlorophyll and give green color of the leaf).
  Food are made through the process of
photosynthesis

 Food manufactured in the leaves moves

downward through the stem or root
(phloem) in the form of sugar, starch or
protein

 Leaves
► Used as food for various animals (including human
beings)
► the most nutritious parts of the plant.

► 6C02 + 6H20 + 672 kcal  C6H1206 +

602
 Stems
► Have 4 main functions:
» The movement of materials (water and
minerals) from roots to upwards (xylem)
and movement of manufactured food
from leaves to downwards (phloem)
» Support of the leaves and reproductive
structures (flowers and fruit or seeds)
» Food storage
» Reproduction methods (stem cutting or
grafting)

► Green stem manufactured food just as leaves

do

► The outside of the stem consists :

 Lenticels (breathing pores),
 Bud scale scars
 Leaf scars
 Bud scale scars indicate
where a terminal bud has been
located,

 Distance
between two
scars represents
one year of
growth

 Leaf scars show

where leaves
were attached.

 Center of the
stem there are a
vascular bundle
consist of xylem
which
translocated
water and
Dicots stem continue to increase in
diameter because the cambium builds
phloem cells on the outside and new
xylem cells on the inside.

Monocots, such as grass have different

stem structure where their vascular
bundles that contain both phloem and
xylem tissue in each small bundle.

Monocots stem has no outside circling

cambium

Stems of some plants such as potato and

asparagus are used as food.

Others are used as building materials

such as lumber from the tree trunks.
 Roots
 Are usually underground

 Function to:
o Anchor the plant and hold it upright
o Absorb water and minerals from the soil and
conduct them to the stem
o Store large quantities of plant food
o Propagate or reproduce some plants

 The internal structure are much like of a

stem
 Older roots (shrubs and
trees) have phloem (old outer
layers form cork-like bark) on
the outside, a cambium layer
and xylem (wood) inside.
 The phloem carries
manufactured food down to
the root for food and
storage and the xylem
carries water and minerals
up to the stem
 Stem has a terminal buds to
initiates new growth and root
have a root cap.
 Behind the root cap are
many root hairs.
 The root hairs function is to
absorb moisture and
minerals that are conducted to
the larger roots and to the
stem of the plant.
 Many roots are important as
cash crops for food such as
carrots and sweet potatoes.
► There
are two types of root system:
Fibrous Root System & Tap Root
System.
o Plants
with fibrous root system
are much easier to transplant
than plants that have tap root
system

o The
fibrous root system is short,
small and more compact.

o Taproot system has longer and

fewer roots
Flowers, fruits and seeds
 Flowers are differs in size, shape and color but
generally have the same basic parts.
 A complete flower has both male and female
parts and only one parent is needed (can
pollinate itself)

The complete flower contains 4 main parts: sepal, petals, stamens and pistil.
 Sepals = Green leaf-like parts, cover and
protect the flower bud before it opens. They
form the calyx after the flower open.

 Petals = Most striking part of the flower. The

bright colors of the petals flowers act to attract
insects for pollination.
 A group of petals = Corola

 The stamens = Male reproductive part of the

flower. Each consists of a short stalk called a
filament and a saclike structure on top of the
filament called an anther. The anther contains
pollen, which is the male sex cell.
 The pistil (located in the center of the flower)
► Female part of the flower. It produces the female sex
cells, the eggs (ovules). These eggs once fertilized become
seeds.
► Pistil has three main parts:
 Sticky stigma on top to catch pollen;
 Style, a tube that leads to the third parts;
 Ovary, which egg cells develop in the ovary.

 After fertilization, the ovary grows to become a fruit or

seed coat. The ovule become seeds.

 An incomplete flower has only the male parts or the

female parts of the flower but not both. Thus a male
flower has sepals, petals and stamens, but no pistil. A
female flower has sepals, petals and pistil but no
stamens.

 Flowers play an important role in the florist and nursery

business. They are grown solely for the beautiful flowers
they produce.
GuD LuCk 4 TeSt 1!!!