NANOTECHNOLOGY

Under the Guidance of Project co-ordinator Seminar co-ordinator

S.B Mallikarjuna H.O.D,IS & E Dept & Bhuvaneshwari K.V Lecturer,IS & E Dept seminar by Sonika A

ABSTRACT
Nanotechnology is an umbrella term that is used to describe a variety of techniques to fabricate materials and devices on the nanoscale. One nanometer(nm) is one billionth, or 10-9 of a meter. Nanotechnology cuts across many disciplines, including colloidal Science, chemistry, applied physics and biology. A sheet of paper is about100000 nanometers thick. The width of a human hair is approximately 80000 nanometers thick

INTRODUCTION
Concept first introduced by American physicist Richard P. Feynman (1918-1988) Calculated that an encyclopedia set could be compressed to fit the head of a pin. Predicted several aspects in todays nanotechnology
Advanced microscopes Developments in fabrication methods Possibilities of atom-to-atom assembly

Tools In Nanotechnology
The main tools used in nanotechnology are three main microscopes
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

Uses high-energy electron beam to probe material with thickness < 100 nm. Some electrons are absorbed or bounced off object; some pass through the object and make magnified images Digital camera records images.

Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)

Use small silicon tip as probe to make images of sample material Probe moves along surface Electrons of atoms in sample repel those in probe Creates 3-D images

Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)

Uses nanosized probe to scan objects and materials Uses tunneling to detect surface and creates a map of surface Rate of electrons that tunnel from probe to surface related to distance between probe and surface

NANOTECHNOLOGY

NANOCIRCUITS

NANOMEDICINE

NANOCOMPUTING

NANO CIRCUITS
Nanocircuitry deals with minimization of circuit size to nano scale. It helps the scientists & engineers in reduction of the size of computers & other electronic devices. The age of nanocircuitary begins with the invention of nanotransistors & ultra capacitors.

Moores Law: moores law states that,the speed of the computer will be doubled in every 18 to 24 months. This is made possible by increasing the number of transistors fitted into a circuit.

Ultra-Capacitors
CAPACITORS ARE ENERGY SAVING DEVICES. THEY CONSIST OF TWO TERMINALS EACH STORE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE CHARGES. THE ULTRA CAPACITORS ARE MADE FROM CARBON NANO TUBES. THEY HAVE HIGH RELIABILITY,COMPACTNESS.

Transistors:
Transistors are the devices that forms the integral parts of the circuit. Transistors converts the weak signals into stronger signals. To convert the transistors to nano scale we are in need of switch on to carbon base instead of silicon.

Carbon Nanotubes
CARBON NANO TUBES ARE THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF NANO CIRCUITS. THEY ARE COMPOSED OF C-40 ATOMS. THEY ARE PATENTED BY IBM.

Latest Nanoproducts
I-POD NANO developed by apple in 2007. Processors developed by IBM &VIA technologies.

NANOCOMPUTERS
Nanocomputer is the logical name for a computer smaller than the microcomputer, which is smaller than the minicomputer. No commercially available computers that are named nanocomputers exist at this date, but the term is used in science and science fiction. Several ways to build nanocomputers
Mechanical Electronic Biochemical quantum technology

Mechanical
Mechanical nanocomputers would use tiny moving components called nanogears to encode information. Such a machine is reminiscent of Charles Babbage 's analytical engines of the 19th century.

Electronic
Similar to the way present-day microcomputers work. Difference is in physical scale. More and more transistor s are squeezed into silicon chips with each passing year; witness the evolution of integrated circuits ( IC s) capable of ever-increasing storage capacity and processing power.

Biochemical
Chemical and biochemical nanocomputers would store and process information in terms of chemical structures and interactions. Biochemical nanocomputers already exist in nature; they are manifest in all living things. But these systems are largely uncontrollable by humans.

Quantum
A quantum nanocomputer would work by storing data in the form of atomic quantum states or spin.

NASA Nanotechnology Roadmap

C A P A B I L I T Y
Multi-Functional Materials Autonomous Spacecraft % less mass) Adaptive (40 Sel f-Repairing Space Missions

High Strength Materials (>10 GPa)

Reusable Launch Vehicle (20% less mass, 20% less noise)

Revolutionary Aircraft Concepts (30% less mass, 20% less emission, 25% increased range)

Bio-Inspired Materials and Processes

Increasing levels of system design and integration Materials Single-walled nanotube fibers Low-Power CNT electronic components In-space nanoprobes Nanotube composites Molecular computing/data storage Nano flight system components 2004 2006 Integral thermal/shape control Fault/radiation tolerant electronics Quantum navigation sensors 2011 Smart skin materials Nano electronic brain for space Exploration Integrated nanosensor systems Biomimetic material systems Biological computing

Electronics/ computing

Sensors, s/c components 2002

NEMS flight systems @ 1 W

2016

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NANOMEDICINE
Nanomedicine can be defined as the monitoring, repairing, construction and control of human biological systems at the cellular level by using materials and structures engineered at the atomic or molecular level

Important Characteristics of Nanoparticles :

Target specificity Extreme small size Encapsulation efficiency Carry high concentrated drug Zeta potential (surface charge) Efficient drug release

Nanoparticles
Metal Nanoparticles:
1. Gold Particle 2. Quantum Dots

Polymeric Nanoparticles
1. Dendrimer 2. Nanopores 3. Nanotubes

Liposomes

Nanoparticles in Cancer therapy

Quantum Dots
Inorganic semiconductor nanocrystals Diameter between 2-8 nm High resolution contrast agent for Medical Imaging Reduced tendency to Photobleach Generally composed of atoms from groups II and VI elements (e.g. CdSe and CdTe) or groups III and V elements (e.g. InP and InAs) of the periodic table.

Multifunctional QDs targeting Tumor Cells. QDs are conjugated to various affinity ligands (peptide, antibody, inhibitor, drug etc.) specific for the Tumor Cell Biomarkers.

Gold Nanoparticle

Dendrimer

Nanopores

RISKS:
The electronics scientists need to develop new circuits to cope with nano circuits working with carbon nanotubes . The transistors will be 100 times smaller than the thickness of human hair so it is difficult to identify the problems in it. The ultracapacitors produces high heat, till today there is no remedy given to cool it.

THANK YOU