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Engineering Communications GL2

Geometric modelling Projection Systems

Lecture presentations available on WWW: http://www.mame.mu.oz.au/~mcg/EngCom

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A graphic is a representation on a 2-D surface of a 3-D scene

An artist may attempt to create a realistic image.
Note the use of

perspective.

In fact, there are distortions in this picture, and it does not create the same projection on the retina as a real scene would.

Meaning may be communicated better by deliberate distortion

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In engineering graphics:
a variety of types of distorted images are available to communicate meaning
strict rules apply to the construction and interpretation of these images a universal language of graphic communication is thus achieved

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2-D projection View point

3-D object

Projection rays
Perspective projection Projection plane

Engineering graphics are obtained by projection from the 3-D object to the viewing surface (the projection plane)

Types of projection
Perspective projection is rarely used in manual drawing

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Rather, we us a variety of orthographic projections, for which the projection rays are parallel

2-D projection

View point at Parallel projection rays

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3-D object

Projection plane

In orthographic projection, the projection rays are parallel (view point at infinity)

Perspective projection is useful for non technical communications

Perspective renderings for marketing, etc. are readily obtained with computer-aided drawing (CAD) systems

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Projection techniques

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Orthogonal (multiview) Bertoline, et al. Fig. 9.2

Axonometric

Oblique

Perspective

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Categories of orthographic projection

Orthographic projection
( Parallel projectors)

Orthogonal
Projectors Principal plane of object

Axonometric
Normal to projection plane Inclined to projection plane

Oblique
Inclined to projection plane Parallel to projection plane

Normal to projection plane Parallel to projection plane

Third-angle orthogonal projection

Top view

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Top horizontal plane Glass projection box

First quadrant Third quadrant

Left side view

Left profile plane

Front vertical plane Front view

Third-angle orthogonal projection

horizontal plane

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horizontal plane
depth
vertical plane
depth behind vertical plane

width

left profile plane

depth

depth behind vertical plane

height below horizontal plane

top (plan ) view fron t view

left side view

height

left profile plane

vertical plane

Axonometric projection
Lines of sight perpendicular to projection plane Principal axes all inclined to projection plane
TRIMETRIC C

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DIMETRIC C

ISOMETRIC C A

B y

A z x y

B z x

B y z

Example: A=120 B=130 C=110 x:y:z = 1 : 0.808 : 0.938

Example: A=C=131.5 B=97 x : y : z = 0.5 : 1 : 1

Always: A = B = C = 120 x:y:z=1:1:1

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Isometric projection
B isometric projection projection plane

0.816

C X

A = B = C = 120
= b = 30

Y Scale ratios = (2/3) = 0.816 X:Y:Z=1:1:1 For an isometric drawing, scale = FS on each axis

Oblique projection

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Full scale

Full scale

Scale = cot

Principal object face parallel to projection plane

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Varieties of oblique projection

Cavalier

Cabinet

General

Isometric sketch
width

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Top view

T-square
Side view

height

Set square

Front view

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Isometric
Full scale

Oblique (Cabinet)

45
Full scale

radius = 1

60 30

30 semi-minor axis = (1/2) semi-major axis = (3/2)

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Introduction to Cartesio software

(download from EngCom homepage)

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Follow up
Read Bertoline:
4.5: Introduction to Projections 8.1: Projection Theory 8.2: Multiview Projection Planes 8.3:Advantages of Multiview Drawings

Do problems from Bertoline:

Probs 4.2(6)(47), 4.3(2)(6)

Check the EngCom web site