THE CONCEPT BEHIND NETWORKING

INTRODUCTION
OSI model stands for Open System Interconnection

model. It is a product of Open System Interconnection effort at the International Organization for Standardization. It characterizes and standardizes the function of a communication system in terms of abstraction layers.

What is Networking?
Networking - the interconnection of workstations, peripherals, terminals and other devices.

Network Protocols
In todays networks, it is possible for different types of computers to communicate.
Macs, PCs, and mainframes can all share devices, data, and information, as long as they all speak the same language, or protocol.

Network Protocols
Protocol - a set of rules, or an agreement, that determines the format and transmission of data.

The Internet Protocol

All devices on the Internet speak the same protocol: the Internet Protocol, or IP.
The Internet actually uses a group, or suite, of protocols called TCP/IP which includes HTTP.

The Internet Protocol

Networking Growing Pains

Emerging network technologies were built using different kinds of hardware and software.
Many of the new network technologies were incompatible.

Toward Standardization
To address the problem, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) researched leading networks schemes:

Digitals DECnet
IBMs SNA DoDs TCP/IP (non-proprietary)

The ISOs Standard

The ISO recognized there was a need to create a network model that would help vendors create networks that would work compatibly and interoperably with other networks.
In 1984, the ISO released their networking model.

ISOs OSI Reference Model

A Layered Model:

A mnemonic:

All People Seem To Need Data Processing

DISCRIPTION OF OSI MODEL

There are 7 layers. Labeled 1 7, with the layer 1 at the

bottom. Each layer is generically known as an N layer. An N+1 layer entity requests service from an N entity. At each level, two entities interact by means of the N protocol by transmitting protocol data units(PDU).

CONTINUED
A service data unit(SDU) is a specific unit of data that

has been passed down from an OSI layer to a lower layer, and which the lower layer has not yet encapsulated into a protocol data unit(PDU). An SDU is a set of data that is sent by a user of the services of a given layer, and is transmitted semantically unchanged to a peer service user

OSI LAYER MODEL REPRESENTATION

DEVELOPEMENT
Work on a layered model of network architecture was

started and the ISO began to develop its OSI framework architecture. The concept of a 7- layer model was provided by the work of Charles Bachman, Honeywell Information Services. The various aspects of OSI design evolved from experiences with the ARPANET, the fledging internet, NPLNET, EIN, CYCLADES network and the work in IFIP WG6.1

CONTINUED
The new design was documented in ISO 7498 and its

various addenda.

ISOs OSI Reference Model

Open System Interconnection (OSI)

Layer Functions

7 - Application Layer

6 - Presentation Layer

5 - Session Layer

4 - Transport Layer

3 - Network Layer

2 - Data Link

Data Link Sublayers

LLC (Logical Link Control) MAC (Media Access Control)

IEEE 802 Extension to the OSI Model

1 - Physical Layer

The Application Layer

The Application Layer is the top layer of the reference model. It provides a set of interfaces for applications to obtain access to networked services as well as access to the kinds of network services that support applications directly.
OSI

TCP/IP

- FTAM,VT,MHS,DS,CMIP - FTP,SMTP,TELNET,DNS,SNMP

Although the notion of an application process is common to

both, their approaches to constructing application entities is different.

The Presentation Layer

The Presentation Layer handles data format information for networked communications. This is done by converting data into a generic format that could be understood by both sides. Not found in TCP/IP model In TCP/IP, this function is provided by the Application Layer. e.g. External Data Representation Standard (XDR)
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)

OSI Model

Session Layer
Session layer provides mechanism for controlling the dialogue between the two end systems. It defines how to start, control and end conversations (called sessions) between applications. This layer requests for a logical connection to be established on an end-users request. Any necessary log-on or password validation is also handled by this layer. Session layer is also responsible for terminating the connection. This layer provides services like dialogue discipline which can be full duplex or half duplex. Session layer can also provide check-pointing mechanism such that if a failure of some sort occurs between checkpoints, all data can be retransmitted from the last checkpoint.

OSI Model

Transport Layer
Purpose of this layer is to provide a reliable mechanism for the exchange of data between two processes in different computers. Ensures that the data units are delivered error free.

Ensures that data units are delivered in sequence.

Ensures that there is no loss or duplication of data units. Provides connectionless or connection oriented service. Provides for the connection management. Multiplex multiple connection over a single channel.

OSI Model

Network Layer
Implements routing of frames (packets) through the network. Defines the most optimum path the packet should take from the source to the destination Defines logical addressing so that any endpoint can be identified. Handles congestion in the network. Facilitates interconnection between heterogeneous networks (Internetworking). The network layer also defines how to fragment a packet into smaller packets to accommodate different media.

OSI Model

Data Link Layer

Data link layer attempts to provide reliable communication over the physical layer interface. Breaks the outgoing data into frames and reassemble the received frames. Create and detect frame boundaries. Handle errors by implementing an acknowledgement and retransmission scheme. Implement flow control. Supports points-to-point as well as broadcast communication. Supports simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex communication.

OSI Model

Physical Layer
Provides physical information. interface for transmission of

Defines rules by which bits are passed from one system to another on a physical communication medium.

Covers all - mechanical, electrical, functional and procedural - aspects for physical communication.
Such characteristics as voltage levels, timing of voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission distances, physical connectors, and other similar attributes are defined by physical layer specifications.

Media Layers

Host Layers

Devices at Layers

Moving Data
End System End System

Peer-to-Peer Communication

Data Encapsulation

Data Encapsulation Example

End System

Intermediate Systems

TCP/IPs Model

TCP/IP

TCP/IP v OSI Model

COMMUNICATION IN THE OSI LAYER

Figure 3-3

An Exchange Using the OSI Model

WCB/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

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