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Simplest form of matter. It cannot be divisible, created nor destroy E.g. copper, Cu ; Sodium, Na, Lead, Pb ; Magnesium, Mg
2 or more atoms combine chemically E.g. Hydrogen, H2 Oxygen, O2 ; Chlorine , Cl2 ; water, H2O ; carbon dioxide, CO2 ; glucose , C6H12O6
Na+ Mg2+
Cl O2
Substance that are made from the same type of atoms E.g. : Cu ; Na ; Pb ; Mg ; O2 ; H2 ; Cl2
2 or more elements that combine chemically E.g. : H2O ; CO2 ; C6H12O6 ; NaCl ; MgCl2 ; Na2O
high low
vaporisation condensation
During constant temperature -Energy supplied is equal to energy use to overcome forces of attraction by all particles -As a result, temperature become constant.
When heating - Heat energy kinetic energy -Particles vibrate more rapid -Overcome forces of attraction between particles
During constant temperature -Energy lost by system is equal to energy released to surrounding -Particles rearranged in close pack to from liquid / solid
When cooling - kinetic energy heat energy -Lost to surrounding by heat E -Forces of attraction become stronger as K.E. is now lowered
proton + neutron
same different
6 6 6
6 7 6
6 8 6
1.0
0.090
0.15
He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn
Li
Na K Rb Cs
red
blue
F Cl
Br
I At
2+
2-
Pb2+ + 2 Br
2 Br Br2 + 2 e
Pb2+ + 2 e Pb
Cu2+ + 2 Cl
2 Cl Cl2 + 2 e
2 O2 O2 + 4 e
Cu2+ + 2 e Cu
2Al3+ + 3 O2
Al3+ + 3 e Al
Ag+
Cu2+ OH
H+ I
K+
Copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2 Lead (II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 Iron(II) nitrate, Fe(NO3)2 Gold (I) nitrate, AuNO3 Copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2
Cathode
Anode
Anode Anode
Cathode
Silver (I) nitrate, Cathode AgNO3 Nickel (II) nitrate, Cathode Ni(NO3)2 Tin(II) nitrate, Anode Sn(NO3)2 Silver (I) nirate, AgNO3 Cathode
Anode
Cu2+ + 2 e- Cu
Cu2+ + Zn Cu + Zn2+ Pb Pb2+ + 2 e2 Ag+ + Pb 2 Ag + Pb2+ Fe Fe2+ + 2 eNi2+ + Fe Ni + Fe2+ Cu Cu2+ + 2 e2 Ag+ + Cu 2 Ag + Cu2+
X X X X