If A and B are both m n matrices then the sum of A and B,

denoted A + B, is a matrix obtained by adding corresponding

elements of A and B.

(

=
3 1 0
2 2 1
A
(

=
4 1 2
4 0 3
B
(

= +
2
B A
If A and B are both m n matrices then the sum of A and B,
denoted A + B, is a matrix obtained by adding corresponding
elements of A and B.

add these
(

=
3 1 0
2 2 1
A
(

=
4 1 2
4 0 3
B
(

= +
2 2
B A
add these
(

=
3 1 0
2 2 1
A
(

=
4 1 2
4 0 3
B
(

= +
6 2 2
B A
add these
(

=
3 1 0
2 2 1
A
(

=
4 1 2
4 0 3
B
(

= +
2
6 2 2
B A
add these
(

=
3 1 0
2 2 1
A
(

=
4 1 2
4 0 3
B
(

= +
0 2
6 2 2
B A
add these
(

=
3 1 0
2 2 1
A
(

=
4 1 2
4 0 3
B
(

= +
1 0 2
6 2 2
B A
add these
A B B A + = +
C B A C B A + + = + + ) ( ) (
If A is an m n matrix and s is a scalar, then we let kA denote the
matrix obtained by multiplying every element of A by k. This
procedure is called scalar multiplication.

( ) ( )
( )
( )
k hA kh A
k h A kA hA
k A B kA kB
=
+ = +
+ = +
(

=
3 1 0
2 2 1
A
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
(

=
(

=
9 3 0
6 6 3
3 3 1 3 0 3
2 3 2 3 1 3
3A
PROPERTIES OF SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
The m n zero matrix, denoted 0, is the m n
matrix whose elements are all zeros.
( ) 0 0
0 ) (
0
=
= +
= +
A
A A
A A
(

0 0
0 0
| | 0 0 0
2 2
1 3
The multiplication of matrices is easier shown than put
into words. You multiply the rows of the first matrix
with the columns of the second adding products
(

=
1 4 0
1 2 3
A
(
(
(

=
1 3
3 1
4 2
B
Find AB
First we multiply across the first row and down the
first column adding products. We put the answer in
the first row, first column of the answer.
( ) 2 3( ) ( )( ) 1 2 2 3 + ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 5 3 1 1 2 2 3 = + +
(

=
1 4 0
1 2 3
A
(
(
(

=
1 3
3 1
4 2
B
Find AB
We multiplied across first row and down first column
so we put the answer in the first row, first column.
(

=
5
AB
Now we multiply across the first row and down the second
column and well put the answer in the first row, second
column.
( )( ) 4 3 ( )( ) ( )( ) 3 2 4 3 + ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 7 1 1 3 2 4 3 = + + (

=
7 5
AB
Now we multiply across the second row and down the first
column and well put the answer in the second row, first
column.
( )( ) 2 0 ( )( ) ( )( ) 1 4 2 0 + ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 1 3 1 1 4 2 0 = + +
(

=
1
7 5
AB
Now we multiply across the second row and down the
second column and well put the answer in the second row,
second column.
( )( ) 4 0 ( )( ) ( )( ) 3 4 4 0 + ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 11 1 1 3 4 4 0 = + +
(

=
11 1
7 5
AB
Notice the sizes of A and B and the size of the product AB.
To multiply matrices A and B
look at their dimensions
p n n m
MUST BE SAME
SIZE OF PRODUCT
If the number of columns of A does not
equal the number of rows of B then the
product AB is undefined.
(
(
(

=
6
BA
(
(
(

=
12 6
BA
(
(
(

=
2 12 6
BA
(
(
(

= 3
2 12 6
BA
(
(
(

= 14 3
2 12 6
BA
(
(
(

= 4 14 3
2 12 6
BA
(
(
(

=
9
4 14 3
2 12 6
BA
(
(
(

=
10 9
4 14 3
2 12 6
BA
(
(
(

=
4 10 9
4 14 3
2 12 6
BA
Now lets look at the product BA.
(
(
(

=
1 3
3 1
4 2
B
(

=
1 4 0
1 2 3
A
BA AB=
23
32
across first row as
we go down first
column:
( )( ) ( )( ) 6 0 4 3 2 = +
across first row as
we go down
second column:
( )( ) ( )( ) 12 4 4 2 2 = +
across first row as
we go down third
column:
( )( ) ( )( ) 2 1 4 1 2 = +
across second row
as we go down
first column:
( )( ) ( )( ) 3 0 3 3 1 = +
across second row
as we go down
second column:
( )( ) ( )( ) 14 4 3 2 1 = +
across second row
as we go down
third column:
( )( ) ( )( ) 4 1 3 1 1 = +
across third row
as we go down
first column:
( )( ) ( )( ) 9 0 1 3 3 = +
across third row
as we go down
second column:
( )( ) ( )( ) 10 4 1 2 3 = +
across third row
as we go down
third column:
( )( ) ( )( ) 4 1 1 1 3 = +
Completely different than AB!
Commuter's Beware!
( ) ( )
( )
( ) BC AC C B A
AC AB C B A
C AB BC A
+ = +
+ = +
=
PROPERTIES OF MATRIX
MULTIPLICATION
BA AB=
Is it possible for AB = BA ? ,yes it is possible.
an n n matrix with ones on the main diagonal
and zeros elsewhere
(
(
(

=
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
3
I
What is AI?
What is IA?
(
(
(

=
3 2 2
5 1 0
2 1 2
A
(
(
(

=
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
3
I
A =
(
(
(

3 2 2
5 1 0
2 1 2
A =
(
(
(

3 2 2
5 1 0
2 1 2
Multiplying a
matrix by the
identity gives the
matrix back again.
(

=
(
(
(

1 0
0 1
2 4
1 3
?
Let A be an n n matrix. If there exists a matrix B
such that AB = BA = I then we call this matrix the
inverse of A and denote it A
-1
.
(
(
(

2
3
2
2
1
1
(

=
(

(
(
(

1 0
0 1
2 4
1 3
2
3
2
2
1
1
Can we find a matrix to multiply the first matrix by to
get the identity?
If A has an inverse we say that A is nonsingular.
If A
-1
does not exist we say A is singular.
To find the inverse of a matrix we put the matrix A, a
line and then the identity matrix. We then perform row
operations on matrix A to turn it into the identity. We
carry the row operations across and the right hand side
will turn into the inverse.
To find the inverse of a matrix we put the matrix A, a
line and then the identity matrix. We then perform row
operations on matrix A to turn it into the identity. We
carry the row operations across and the right hand side
will turn into the inverse.
(

=
7 2
3 1
A
(

1 2 1 0
0 1 3 1
2r
1
+r
2
(

1 0 7 2
0 1 3 1
(

1 2 1 0
0 1 3 1
r
2
(

1 2 1 0
3 7 0 1
r
1
r
2
(

=
7 2
3 1
A
(

1 2
3 7
1
A
Check this answer by multiplying. We should
get the identity matrix if weve found the
inverse.
(

1 0
0 1
1
AA
We can use A
-1
to solve a system of equations
3 5 2
1 3
= +
= +
y x
y x
b x = A
To see how, we can re-write a
system of equations as matrices.
coefficient
matrix
variable
matrix
constant
matrix
(

5 2
3 1
(

y
x
(

=
3
1
b x
1
= A
b x
1 1
= A A A
b x = A
left multiply both sides
by the inverse of A
This is just the identity
b x
1
= A I
but the identity times a
matrix just gives us
back the matrix so we
have:
This then gives us a formula
for finding the variable
matrix: Multiply A inverse
by the constants.
3 5 2
1 3
= +
= +
y x
y x
(

=
5 2
3 1
A
find the inverse
(

1 0 5 2
0 1 3 1
(

1 2 1 0
0 1 3 1
-2r
1
+r
2
(

1 2 1 0
0 1 3 1
-r
2
(

1 2 1 0
3 5 0 1
r
1
-3r
2
(

=
(

1
4
3
1
1 2
3 5
1
b A
This is the
answer to
the system
x
y