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Musculo-Skeletal System

Essential Questions
What are the major bones? What are the major muscles? How do joints work? What are ligaments? What are the ways of preventing serious injury to the musculo-skeletal system?

What are the major bones?

What are bones?


Rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates They move, support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals They are lightweight, yet strong and hard

Structure/ Composition
Compact (cortical) bone
hard outer layer of bones composed of compact bone gives bones their smooth, white, and solid appearance, accounts for 80% of the total bone mass of an adult skeleton.

Trabecular bone
also called cancellous or spongy bone composed of a network of rod- and plate-like elements that make the overall organ lighter and allow room for blood vessels and marrow

What are the major muscles?

What are Muscles?


function is to produce force and cause motion skeletal muscle cause locomotion or movement cardiac and smooth muscle contraction occurs without conscious thought and is necessary for survival

Skeletal Muscle
used to effect skeletal movement such as locomotion and in maintaining posture Divided into two different types:
Type I
slow oxidative, slow twitch, or "red" muscle is dense with capillaries and is rich in mitochondria and myoglobin, giving the muscle tissue its characteristic red color It can carry more oxygen and sustain aerobic activity

Type II
fast twitch muscle has three major kinds that are, in order of increasing contractile speed:
Type IIa, is aerobic, rich in mitochondria and capillaries and appears red. Type IIb which is less dense in mitochondria and myoglobin. This is the fastest muscle type in humans. It can contract more quickly and with a greater amount of force than oxidative muscle, but can sustain only short, anaerobic bursts of activity before muscle contraction becomes painful

Smooth Muscle
is found within the walls of organs and structures such as the esophagus, stomach, intestines, bronchi, uterus, urethra, bladder, blood vessels, and the arrector pili in the skin

Cardiac Muscle
is found only in the heart

What are ligaments?


fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones to form a joint restrain the movement of bones at a joint and are therefore important in preventing dislocation

What are tendons?


A tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone Is capable of withstanding tension can only exert a pulling force

How do joints work?

What is a Joint?
Is where two bones meet and articulate

Types of joints
Gliding Joint/ Plane Joint Ball-and-Socket Joint Ellipsoidal Joint/ Condyloid Joint Saddle Joint Hinge Joint Pivot Joint

Gliding Joint/ Plane Joint


Allows only slight sliding movement The bones in the joint slide across each other in a limited movement Examples
The carpal bones of the wrist Tarsal bones of the ankle

Ball-and-Socket Joint
Is the most mobile joint type Gives the greatest freedom of movement The rounded head of a bone unites with a socket cavity in another bone Examples:
Shoulder joint Hip joint

Ellipsoidal Joint/ Condyloid Joint


Allows movement in two directions Examples
Radius & ulna and the carpal bones

Saddle Joint
Is highly mobile Allows sliding movement in two directions Examples
Where the metacarpal of the thumb meets the trapezium of the carpus

Hinge Joint
Can move in one plane only Provides flexion and extension Examples
Knee Elbow

Pivot Joint
Allows rotational movement around a single axis Example
Between the C1 and C2 of the vertebral column

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