AW 201 OSH 2

CHAPTER 3 - FIRE SAFETY

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Introduction
Fire incident that may occur in workplace are :
Ongoing work process such as welding, cutting, spray painting, grinding and etc.
Confined spaces where there are flammable chemicals or oxygen content of over 23.5%. Faulty equipment Storage areas/ warehouse where there are flammable materials or where the process of oxidizing occurs.
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Safety
DANGER? Fire What should you do ? Know the exit

Walk fast do not run

Assemble in a secured area Check your friends 2/8 khairil hermi, saiful
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Among the main causes of fire are :

Short circuit

Equipment failure such as valves and safety devices

Welding, cutting and grinding activities Overflow/ leakages of flammable liquids or gases Overheating Contact with hot surfaces Leakage or failure of pipes Human factors such as intentional burning
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Basic of fire
Fire can be define as : A chemical reaction that occurs when a flammable material and oxygen comes into contact with a heat source or ignition

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Fire triangle
Fire will only occur when all three elements exist. Will cease to occur with the non existence or elimination of any single element.

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Oxygen
The source of oxygen is the air which is a

combination of 78% of nitrogen, 21% of oxygen and 1% of other gases such as carbon dioxide and argon.
Oxygen may also come from various chemicals that may encourage fire. These chemicals are called agents of oxidization and an example is hydrogen peroxide.
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Heat
Known as the source of ignition

Actually a form of energy where upon contact with oxygen and flammables will start a fire.

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Flammable material
Consists of organic materials ( carbon) such as

petrol, paper, wood and non organic material ( no carbon) such as hydrogen, sulphur and phosphorus. Flammable have different ignition points/ temperature.

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Burning process
The occurrence of fire releases a form of energy

that provides the source of energy to continue burning and releasing heat. Vapour or gas may ignite due to sparks or small flames Solid and liquid requires 2-5% more heat and oxygen.

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Spreading of fire
a) Direct burning

- the burning of materials by direct heating without any agent.

b) Transfer of heat flow - spread of heat through a solid medium Convection - upward spread of heat
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 radiation

- direct spreading of heat to other objects. - spreading through open spaces.

c) Movement of flammables Burning liquid Flammable vapour that is produced by the heat

of burning solid materials

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Classes of fire
Fire can be classified based on codes and standards :

i.

NFPA 10 : 1984 Code (Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers)

CLASS
A B C D

TYPE OF FIRE
Wood, paper , rubber and plastic Flammable liquid , oil, grease, tar, paint and gas Electrical equipments with connected electrical supply Metals

National Fire Protection Association

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ii. Code BS EN2 : 1992 (Eurocode)

CLASS
A B C D

TYPE OF FIRE
Solids that cause fire Liquid Gas / vapour Metals

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Classes for industrial processes

Pool fire liquid / flowing liquid Fireballs

Fire of vapour clouds

i. Type 1 : Fire w/o explosion ii. Type 2 : Fire due to explosion iii. Type 3 : Fire that may causing explosion

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Cont.
Fire jets (vapour)

Fire of solids i. Burning of solids ii. Burning of dusts

Warehouse fire

Fire involving oxygen

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Pool fire liquid

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Fire balls

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Fire jet

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Vapour cloud

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Fire hazard control

Fire hazards may be controlled by :
a) Fire prevention

i. avoiding surge of flammable into the atmosphere ii. Releasing of heat iii. Controlling of heat sources ( Fire triangle )
b) Fire protection

i. Releasing of heat ii. Enclosing or stopping supply of flammables iii. Enclosing or stopping supply of oxygen
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Hazard identification through :

HAZOP Hazards and Operability Studies. Hazard checklist Fire and Explosion Index ( Dow Index) Chemical Exposure Index

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Safety plan
Selection of safe materials, equipments, machineries and

processes includes user-friendly workplace, environmentally safe technology and safe storage systems.
Selection of safe technology
Characteristics
Substitution of CHEMICAL Weakening of HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS Design of EQUIPMENT Plan LAYOUT Avoid fire De-fridgerate atmospheric temperature / Dilution Reaction may be handled and controlled Strong and suitable Breaks spread of fire and isolate between equipments
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User-friendly

Safety prevention system

Divided into two : i. Prevention of initial incident the purpose is to prevent the initial incident by having a detection and monitoring system, safe handling procedures and engineering controls.
Administrative controls Engineering controls

- Instructions and written procedures. - Signage / warning - Labeling of equipment - Suitability of person to job - Incentive and punishment - Inspection - Job training programme

- Better equipment / able to prevent and control mistakes. - Improved layout to minimise hazards - Better manual handling methods - Design equipment user-friendly

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ii.

Stop/control the source of the hazard as soon as the incident happens.

Extinguishing of the fire , reducing supply of flammables, dilution, emulsion, reducing oxygen content using foam and disrupting the burning process and reactions.

Fire class A B C D

Material type Normal flammable Flammable liquid and gas Working electrical item Flammable metal

Example Wood, paper, fabric, plastic Gasoline, oil, grease, LPG Electric motor Magnesium, sodium, potassium
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Agent Water, dry chemical, foam CO2, foam, dry chemical, halon CO2, dry chemical, halon Dry chemical powder

Safety protection system

Provides protection during fire occurrence by stopping spread of fire using : Fire wall / barrier to air flow ii. Fire resistant isolator isolate fire iii. Trap fire to prevent explosion iv. Layout of tank and equipments
i.

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Fire wall

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Fire insolator

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Layout

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Emergency response plan

Hazard identification and risk assessment.

Control methods
Communications Incident Command System (ICS)

- consists of a standard management hierarchy and procedures for managing temporary incident(s) of any size. Announce and update emergency Cooperation of external parties Public relations

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Medical treatment
i.

Medical surveillance and treatment system including : - sending victim to medical centre if exposed to : Toxic materials from fire Heat Ensure procedures for : - Transportation of victims - Appointment of officer in charge

ii.

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Statutory provisions related to fire safety

i.

Fire services Act 1988 provisions for the administrative methods and elimination of fire hazards. Uniform Building by Laws 1984 Detailed provisions on the construction of drains, roads and buildings.

ii.

iii.

Occupational safety and health Act (OSHA 1994) Section 15 Provision on the duty of the employer to ensure and maintain plant safety and safe work system.
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The conclusion is .

Thank you.