Animals

Animal Behavior Phylogenetic tree

Name Biology Date

Mollusks Annelids Roundworms Arthropods Flatworms Cnidarians
Echinoderms Chordates

Sponges Animals (Common ancestor)

Animals

have Eukaryotic cells with

are

carry out Essential functions such as

Heterotrophs

No cell walls

Feeding

Respiration

Circulation

Excretion

Response

Movement

Reproduction

All animals are multicellular and heterotrophic. lack cell walls. have nerves and muscles Most can move and ability of flight is unique to animals.

Animals can vary greatly They can be found in the arctic, the rainforests of South America, deep ocean trenches, and at the tops of mountains.

Most reproduce sexually Most are invertebrates Most animals live in the sea

Invertebrates: jellyfish, spiders and earth worms are all animals.

Vertebrates: reptiles, amphibians, fish, birds and mammals are vertebrate animals

Birds are thought to be descendents of dinosaurs. Fossils show as animals evolved they became more complex.

Invertebrates

 Animals that lack backbones Almost all animals are invertebrates and they can be found anywhere on earth. Includes: sponges, jellyfish, octopus, clams, snails, spiders, beetles, and crabs. Some have exoskeletons (insects) to protect their bodies and provide structure. Can reproduce sexually and asexually, depending on the species

Sponges
sessile as adults, asymmetric, and have no tissues - specialized cells, reproduce sexually or asexually, and they feed by filtering particles from water.

Purple tube sponge

Cnidarians
found in marine environments. radial symmetry and tentacles. a polyp form and a medusa form. Most are carnivorous
Brain Coral (Anthazoans) Box jellyfish (Scyphozoans)

Flatworms
Have soft bodies with bilateral symmetry and no segments. No body cavity, specialized respiratory (lungs) or circulatory (heart) organs. Nutrients/gas pass through body. They can be Tapeworm found in the sea or on land. (Cestoda)

Blue marine flatworms (Turbellia)

Round worms
Nematodes. can be found anywhere. Feed on fungi, bacteria, and sometimes other round worms. Most are parasitic but some are predators. Can be microscopic to 8m long
Pin worms

Caenorhabditis elegans

Hook worms (parasitic)

Annelids
Earth worm (land)

Leeches (water)

Segmented worms found in freshwater, saltwater and on land. They have organs in each segment. Have a gut, circulatory system and nervous system (with brain). Reproduce sexually and asexually

Arthropods

 Account for 2/3 of known species includes insects, arachnids and crustaceans. All have an exoskeleton, segmented bodies, and jointed appendages.

All but scorpions lay eggs. Some go through metamorphosis (caterpillar - butterfly) before they reach maturity. They can be helpful (pollinators) or harmful (destroy crops, spread disease)

Arachnids
Arachnids include spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites All have 8 legs and are mostly found in terrestrial environments. No antennae and no wings.
Spiders: jumping spider and banana spider. Mites: yellow mite and velvet mite.

Scorpions: Asian forest scorpion & Australian wood scorpion

Insects
Most diverse group of animals. Arthropods with hard exoskeletons and divided bodies. Have jointed legs and compound eyes.

Mollusks

 Have the most varied body forms May have one or all: radula, shell made of calcium carbonate, mantle, and gills. All consist of a head, body and foot. They can be filter feeders, herbivores, carnivores, eat dead animals, parasites, or predators.

Cephalopods:

largest and most intelligent invertebrates including octopus, squid, and cuttlefish They have tentacles with suckers on them Flamboyant cuttlefish They also have beaks and large brains
Giant Squid

Paper Nautilus

Bivalves Have a shell with two parts. Mussels, oysters and clams.

Gastropods most of the mollusks alive today. Various group including snails, sea slugs and shells.

Crustaceans

Hermit Crab Spiny Caribbean lobster (decapods) (copepods)

Barnacles (sessile)

Terrestrial live on land Aquatic live in the water

Antarctic Krill

Echinoderms
Includes starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers Most have protective spines, some poisonous Most feed on small organisms and organic matter.

Most can move, but some can not Radial symmetry Water-vascular system

Invertebrate Chordates
2 groups of chordates with no vertebrae: lancets and tunicates. Have notochords. All but tunicates have a hollow nerve chord

White-spotted sea squirt

Blue-bell tunicate lancet

Vertebrates

 Animals with backbones. A very diverse group of animals that includes amphibians, fish, reptiles, birds and mammals. have a skull made of bone which surrounds and protects the brain. All vertebrates are also segmented, have 4 jointed appendages and bilateral symmetry. They also have a chambered heart, closed circulatory system, complex organs and a coelom.

Amphibians

Ectotherms Adapted to life on land or in the water (most live near water) Smooth skin with no scales Some can change colors

Reproduce sexually (some are hermaphroditic) Return to water to breed. Life cycles (metamorphosis): egg larva adult

 Frogs and toads Both are amphibians and share similar features.
3 chambered hearts and well developed nervous system short bodies, no tails as adults, and their legs are adapted for jumping rather than walking. Carnivores

Marine toad

Corroboree frog, red-eyed tree frog,

Newts and Salamanders Some live only on land and some only in water. Carnivorous larva. Mostly found north of the equator.
Fire salamander

Tiger salamander

Siren

Newt

Caecilians live underground or underwater in tropical areas. Resemble worms. Some lay eggs while others have live birth. Ex: Mexican caecilian, ringed caecilian.

Reptiles

Covered with scales Have good senses Ectothermic Include snakes, crocodilians, and lizards. Most lay eggs on land (even if they live in the water) Most lay eggs but some have live young Snakes and lizards have a Jacobson's organ.

 Snakes no legs, outer ears or eyelids. Carnivorous. Can dislocate jaw. Most lay eggs but some have live young. Ex: Gaboon viper, American copperhead, Carpet python and yellow-bellied sea snake.

Lizards Most successful reptiles. Some can regenerate limbs. All over the world except Antarctica. Ex: Thorny devil, web-footed geckos, armadillo lizard, and komodo dragon.

Turtles and tortoises:

Turtles water, tortoises land (usual reference) All have a shell (fused to skeleton), no teeth, 4 limbs, Lay their eggs on land. carnivores or herbivores

Tortoise: Galapagos tortoise, Indian star tortoise, pancake tortoise

Turtle: Green turtle, Alligator snapping turtle, Matamata

Crocodilians:

Large primitive reptiles. Extreme predators (carnivores) who hunt prey or eat carrion. Most live in fresh water. Females will care for and protect young after they hatch.

Alligators - Only two species (Chinese and American). Live mostly in the Americas or China. Crocodiles Several species. Some live in salt water. Live in
Asia, South America, Africa and Australia.

 Crocodiles
Nile Crocodile

Caimans Live mostly in the Americas or Africa. Gharials Found in Asia. Poorly developed limbs so spends most of the time in the water.

Saltwater Crocodile

Fish

 Largest group of vertebrates Ectothermic Fertilization of eggs normally occurs outside of the body, reproduction varies among types of fishes. Breathes through gills, covered in scales, streamlined bodies for swimming, lives in all types of water. Few travel between salt water and fresh water. 3 main groups: Cartilaginous fish, jawless fish, bony fishes,

Sharks successful predators. internal skeleton made of cartilage. Live in salt water. Most are predators. Internal fertilization with young being born live or in a egg case. Can sense electrical signals in the water.
Banded catshark Basking shark Hammerhead

Rays Have wing like fins and broad flat bodies. Most live in sea beds but some live in open water.
Manta Ray

Spotted Eagle Ray

Bony fishes large varied group of fishes. Most have a swim bladder.
Have a internal skeleton. Occur in all types of water all over the world. Most have external fertilization
Marine fish: Morey eel, yellowfin tuna and clown fish.

Jawless fish: first group of fish to appear. Primitive. 2 groups: hagfish and lampreys. They lack a jaw.

Freshwater
trout salmon Zebra fish

Lobe-finned enlarged fins that are muscle attached to bone. coelacanth

Ray-finned most primitive bony fishes. Large freshwater species

Longnose gar

Birds

 Birds are members of the class Aves. Most birds lack teeth and have a reduced tail. Their forelimbs have been modified into wings that enable flight (however not all birds can fly). They have lightweight bones and a body covered with feathers (which also enables flight) Birds have highly efficient lungs, divided ventricles in their heart, and are warmblooded. Adapted differently depending on their way of life.

Australian Warbler

Superb Lyrebird

Mockingbird

Songbirds: birds that have vocal cords that produce various notes that are used to attract mates or to hold territories. They include wrens, mockingbirds, canaries, and cardinals

Ducks: Mostly aquatic birds found in

sea water and freshwater. Usually keep 1 mate. Migratory (mallard duck, bufflehead, mandarin duck )

Birds of Prey: (Bald Eagle, Osprey, Eagle Owl). Predatory birds that hunt food usually while flying. Large and powerful talons and beaks.

Hummingbirds: Very small birds native to America. Able to hover in place and even fly backwards. Important pollinators. Feed on nectar. Examples: Green violetear, Rufous hummingbird, hummingbird, Whitetailed humming bird,

Ex: Macaw, Kea, Lorikeet,

Parrots: About 300 species found in warm or tropical regions. Have curved bill and strong legs. Most are bright colors. Intelligent and can imitate human voices.

Mammals

Have hair, specialized teeth, mammary glands, and are endotherms. Diverse in size, anatomy and habitat range

Efficient lungs, nervous system, and a 4 chambered heart. Young are dependent on parents for long time

1. 2.

3.

Three types: Placentals: young develop in female. Vary in size, shape, diets, and habitat. Ex: Whales, deer, lions Marsupials: Mostly found in Australia and New Guinea, young are born shortly after fertilization and complete development in mothers pouch. Ex: Kangaroos, opossums Monotremes: Most primitive group, have reptilian appearance, lay eggs. Have a cochlea. Ex: platypus

Carnivores and Omnivores:

The category of mammals that eat meat. Carnivores such as lion, wolves, or tigers eat only meat. Omnivores such as bears and raccoons eat both meat and plants. Some are solitary and some live in packs. (Placentals)

Family Mustelidae: the weasel family, the largest family in Carnivores. Includes weasels, minks, badgers, wolverines, and otters

Cats: They come from the family felidae Strict carnivores! Solitary
Serval, sand cat, tiger, cheetah, lion

Dogs: live in groups called packs. They belong to the family canidae (canids) Found all over the world.

Bears: (family Urisidae), most are omnivores. 8 species (and several sub species) spread out over a wide variety of habitats. 6 species are vulnerable or endangered.

Raccoons & relatives: (From the genus prycon), most are omnivores. 3 species. Common raccoon, crab-eating raccoon, and the Tres Marias raccoon.
The kinkajou, coati and red panda are relatives of the raccoon.

 Bats Only mammals that can fly. They have membraned wings which are an extension of their back and belly skin stretched over arms and hands. They live in tropical or temperate environments. Diets can vary from fruit to insects/birds/rodents/bats to blood.
Vampire bat Pallid bat Rodriguezs flying fox

Spectral bat

 Insectivores Small mammals that eat insects. They are normally active a
night. Most have small eyes and ears but larger snouts. Can be found throughout the world.
Moonrat and hedgehog

Eurasian water shrew

Grants golden mole and star nosed shrew

Southern shorttailed shrew

 Rodents Almost

of mammals are rodents. They are found everywhere except Antarctica and in every habitat on earth. They easily adapt and thrive in many environments. They produce many young. Most eat plants but some will eat small animals. Woodchuck Muskrat Naked mole-rat

Rabbits and hares Medium sized rodent like mammals. They have
large incisors used for gnawing. Are herbivores. Have characteristic long ears, long hind legs, and eyes on side of head (help to avoid predators).

Arctic hare Black-tailed jackrabbit

 Ungulates The various types of mammals with hooves. They are

widespread throughout the world and are very successful herbivores. Most are fast enough to outrun predators. This group consists of even-toed and odd-toed mammals. They can be solitary or live in large social groups.
Bongo

Odd-toed:
Grevys Zebra and white rhinoceros

Even-toed

Cetaceans Mammals who have fish shaped bodies.

They have hairless bodies with flippers and tails. They can be found in oceans all over the world. Cetaceans include whales,
dolphins, and porpoises.
Porpoises: Dalls porpoise, Harbor porpoise, Vaquita,

Toothed whales: Sperm whale, Killer whale,

Dolphin: Dusky dolphin, Pacific white-sided dolphin, Common dolphin, Spinner dolphin, Commersons dolphin, False killer whale, Amazon river dolphin

Baleen whales: Blue whale, Northern Pacific right whale, humpback whale,

Pinnipeds clumsy on land but fast in the water. Some can hold their breath
underwater for up to an hour while hunting. Seals cannot support themselves upright on land. Most live in large colonies. All (but one species) live in salt water.
Sea lions: California sea lion, New Zealand sea lion, Walrus

Seals: Northern fur seal, Antarctic fur seal, leopard seal,

 Elephants largest land animal. endangered herbivore. Has a long trunk and tusks.
African elephant, African forest elephant, Indian elephant

Manatee and dugong closest living relative is the elephant. Endangered. Live in Florida and India.

Primates Prosimians, monkeys and apes. Found mostly in tropical areas, most of the time in trees (South/Central America, Africa and Madagascar). About 200 species.

Examples: Golden lion tamarin, western tarsier, Chimpanzee, Spider monkey, and Mandrill,

 Unusual placentals Edentata Anteaters, armadillos Tubulidentata - aardvarks

Hyracoidean - hyraxes

Dermoptera flying lemurs

Macroscelidea elephant shrew

Marsupials live offspring that are born shortly after fertilization and continue development in mothers pouches. Most are found in Australia and New Guinea
Quoll Tasmanian Devil

Opossum

Monotremes Unusual primitive mammals that lay eggs. Have structures that resemble reptiles. Consists of platypus and echidna. Carnivores that lack teeth. Only 5 species

Babies!
Viviparous
Live birth

Oviparous
Lay eggs

Ovoviviparous
Egg is carried inside female until birth