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Dr. Thontowi Djauhari NS, MKes Laboratorium Anatomi Program Pendidikan Dokter Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Awalnya manusia mempunyai 46 kromos (diploid) Proses Meiosis akan mengurangi jumlah sel menjadi 23 kromosom (haploid)
Penyatuan ovum + sperma akan menghasilkan 46 kromosom
MEIOSIS
GAMETOGENESIS
PEMBENTUKAN SEL SEKS PRIA DAN WANITA ATAU SEL GAMET YANG BERASAL DARI GERM CELLS OOGENESIS TERJADI PADA WANITA SPERMATOGENESIS TERJADI PADA PRIA
2n
GAMETOGENESIS
I : - PAIRING KROMOSOM HOMOLOG - CROSS OVER (PERTUKARAN SEGMEN) II: - SINTESIS DNA TIDAK TERJADI - PEMISAHAN KROMOSOM GANDA MENJADI TUNGGAL
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
Percampuran materi genetis pada waktu cross over sehingga dapat terjadi variasi genetis Supaya sel kelamin menjadi kromosom haploid dengan jumlah DNA dari jumlah DNA sel somatis (meiosis 2)
PROPHASE I
METAPHASE I
Metaphase plate
ANAPHASE I
Sister chromatids remain attached
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Sister chromatids
Tetrad
MEIOSIS II: Sister chromatids separate TELOPHASE I AND CYTOKINESIS PROPHASE II METAPHASE II ANAPHASE II TELOPHASE II AND CYTOKINESIS
Cleavage furrow
KELAINAN
NON DYSJUNCTION Non dysjunction dapat terjadi pada waktu meiosis 1 atau meiosis 2 Turner Syndrome 45,XO (female) Trisomy X 47, XXX (female) Klinefelter Syndrome 47,XXY (male) Extra Y chromosome 47,XYY (male)
Nondisjuction
normal disjoining
nondisjoining
nondisjoining
trisomy of chromosome number 21 (1 in 700 births)mental retardation, mongoloid features, and heart defects
XO Turner Syndrome
Y
X Male Nondisjunction (meiosis I) Male nondisjunction (meiosis II) X X X X XX YY
45, Y nonviable
45, X Turner syndrome 45, X Turner syndrome 47, XXX triplo-X 47, XYY Jacobs syndrome 45, X Turner syndrome
FERTILISASI
DEFINISI : Fertilisasi adalah proses fusi antara nukleus spermatosoa dengan ovum Fertilisasi dimulai dengan reaksi akrosom dari Spermatosoa dan diakhiri dengan aktivasi Oocyt
Selama di dalam tractus genitalis perempuan,sebelum fertilisasi, spermatosoa mengalami : Kapasitasi: pelepasan glikoprotein dan protein plasma Reaksi akrosom: pelepasan ensim untuk mencairkan corona radiata dan zona pellucida
C
A : Belum Kapasitasi
FERTILISASI
Bila 1 spermatosoa masuk ke dalam nukleus ovum, maka terjadi reaksi ovum, membrana oosit tidak dapat ditembus sperma lagi Nukleus sperma (23 kromosom) fusi dengan nukleus oosit (23 kromosom) menjadi sigot (46 kromosom)
Prenatal Development
Embryonic development
fertilization - 8 weeks
Fetal development
9 weeks - birth
Postnatal Development
Development Overview
Eggs form and mature in female reproductive organs, and sperm form and mature in male reproductive organs. Gamete formation frog egg A sperm and an egg fuse at their plasma membrane, then the nucleus of one fuses with the nucleus of the other to form the zygote.
Fertilization
frog sperm
By a series of mitotic cell divisions, different daughter cells receive different regions of the egg cytoplasm.
Cleavage
Cell divisions, migrations, and rearrangements produce two or three primary tissues, the forerunners of specialized tissues and organs.
Gastrulation
midsectional views Subpopulations of cells are sculpted into specialized organs and tissues in prescribed spatial patterns at prescribed times.
Periode ovulasi sampai implantasi Berlangsung 6 hari Sigot mengalami pembelahan sel: 2 sel 4 sel 8 sel 16 sel (morula) Saat nampak lubang (vacuola) pada perkembangan morula : free blastocyst
Cleavage
Early division of zygote into multiple cells without increase in size, partitions contents Morula
solid ball of cells
Zygote Blastocyst
with blastocoele cavity
Periode implantasi
Berlangsung mulai hari ke 6 saat melekatnya blastocyst pada epithel endometrium sampai hari ke 12 setelah ovulasi Terdapat 2 kelompok sel inner cells mass yang disebut: ectoderm dan endoderm Pada bagian luar ECTODERM terdapat kelompok sel yang dinamakan trophoblast Terdiri dari : Cytotrophoblast Syncytiotrophoblast
cavity
Periode : Gastrulation
Pembentukan
Antara
ectoderm dan endoderm terdapat sel mesenchyme yang berdiferensiasi menjadi mesoderm (intraembryonic mesoderm)
Epidermis, CNS, sense organs, neural crest Skeleton, muscles, Blood vessels, heart, gonads Lining of GI & air tracts, liver, pancreas
Endoderm
Pengeluaran hormon saat blastocytst by the blastocyst Stimulates corpus luteum to keep making progesterone and estrogens This maintains endometrium, prevents menstruation
KELAINAN
Intra embryonic mesoderm meluas, bersatu dengan extraembryonic mesoderm Pembentukan villi dari trophoblast Akhir minggu ke 3 mesoderm berdiferensiasi menjadi pembuluh darah villous capillary system Pembentukan neural plate neural tube Pembentukan neural crest dari ectoderm
Development: Neurulation
Week 3: the primary germ layers begin development into body tissues and organs
Neurulation
KELAINAN Teratoma sacrococcygeal (sisa primitive streak Neural tube defect (meningocele dll)
PERIODE FETAL
4th
week = organogenesis
time in development
~ 5 mm
Critical
Embryo
Fetal Development
Three Months Development is essentially complete (except for lungs & brain) From 3 months on the developing human embryo is called a fetus
Fetal Development
Most major nerve tracts formed in brain Nutrients from mothers blood via placenta
Placenta
Placental-Fetal circulation
Sesungguhnya kami (Allah) menciptakan manusia dalam bentuk yang sebaik-baiknya QS 95:4
TWIN
Autosomal Abnormalities
Trisomy 21
mental retardation slanted palpebral fissures epicanthal folds small, round, flat face small mouth, protruding tongue congenital heart problems
Brushfield spots (iris) small, hypoplastic ears simian creases hypotonia, lax joints, hyperextensive
Trisomy 13
polydactyly congenital heart defects rocker bottom feet seizures low birth weight
Trisomy 18
hypertelorism congenital heart disease round, moon-shaped face large mouth, short philtrum low set ears hand and foot abnormalities
HBD/CA/Sex
General features:
Some growth retardation (GR) Reproductive anomalies/problems Good viability Prenatally diagnosable Associated with spontaneous abortion (Sab)
female phenotype short (less than 5 feet) primary amenorrhea low estrogen levels maldevelopment of the ovaries sterility
webbing of the skin of the neck wide-spaced nipples edema at birth cardiovascular problems
small testes aspermia (little to no sperm production) gynecomastia long limbs large hands & feet retardation in some fertility in some social limitations in some