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Spring 2004
ECE 8830 - Electric Drives
Introduction
Voltage-fed converters convert dc input
to ac output. These converters can
operate bidirectionally as either an
inverter or as a rectifier.
The input voltage should be stiff -
indicating that the Thevenin impedance
should be close to zero. Often the term
Voltage Stiff Inverters (VSI) is used to
describe these types of converters.
Introduction (contd)
Input Sources:
Utility line or ac generator through
rectifier/filter.
Battery, fuel cell, PV array
Output Format:
Single phase/Polyphase
Square wave, sine wave, PWM wave,
stepped wave, or quasi-square wave.
Single-Phase Inverters
Half-Bridge Inverter
One of the simplest types of inverter.
Produces a square wave output.
Single-Phase Inverters (contd)
Full Bridge (H-bridge) Inverter
Two half-bridge inverters combined.
Allows for four quadrant operation.
Single-Phase Inverters (contd)
Quadrant 1: Positive step-down converter
(forward motoring)
Q1-On; Q2 - Chopping; D3,Q1 freewheeling
Single-Phase Inverters (contd)
Quadrant 2: Positive step-up converter
(forward regeneration)
Q4 - Chopping; D2,D1 freewheeling
Single-Phase Inverters (contd)
Quadrant 3: Negative step-down converter
(reverse motoring)
Q3-On; Q4 - Chopping; D1,Q3 freewheeling
Single-Phase Inverters (contd)
Quadrant 4: Negative step-up converter
(reverse regeneration)
Q2 - Chopping; D3,D4 freewheeling
Single-Phase Inverters (contd)
Phase-Shift Voltage Control - the output
of the H-bridge inverter can be controlled
by phase shifting the control of the
component half-bridges. See waveforms
on next slide.
Single-Phase Inverters (contd)
Single-Phase Inverters (contd)
The waveform of the output voltage v
ab
is
a quasi-square wave of pulse width |. The
Fourier series of v
ab
is given by:
The value of the fundamental, a
1
=
The harmonic components as a function of
phase angle are shown in the next slide.
( )
1,3,5...
4
sin cos
2
d
ab
n
V n
v n t
n
|
e
t
=
(
| |
=
|
(
\ .
( )
4
sin / 2
d
V
|
t
Single-Phase Inverters (contd)
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters
Three-phase bridge inverters are widely
used for ac motor drives. Two modes of
operation - square wave and six-step.
The topology is basically three half-
bridge inverters, each phase-shifted by
2t/3, driving each of the phase windings.
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters (contd)
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters (contd)
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters (contd)
The three square-wave phase voltages
can be expressed in terms of the dc
supply voltage, V
d
, by Fourier series as:
1
0
1,3,5...
2
( 1) cos( )
n
d
a
n
V
v n t e
t
+
=
=
1
0
1,3,5...
2 2
( 1) cos( )
3
n
d
b
n
V
v n t
t
e
t
+
=
=
1
0
1,3,5...
2 2
( 1) cos( )
3
n
d
c
n
V
v n t
t
e
t
+
=
= +
0 0
1,3,5...
2 3
cos( 5 / 6) cos( 5 6)
d
ca c a
n
V
v v v t n t e t e t
t
=
= = +
0 0
1,3,5...
2 3
cos( / 6) cos( 6)
d
ab a b
n
V
v v v t n t e t e t
t
=
= = + +
( )
0
1,3,5...
4
sin cos 2 / 3
2
d
B
n
mV n
v n t
n
|
e t
t
=
(
| |
=
|
(
\ .
0 0 AB A B
v v v =
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters (contd)
See text for a description of Voltage
and Frequency Control for the
three-phase H-bridge inverter.
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters (contd)
A twelve-step inverter can be created
by combining two six-step inverters.
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters (contd)
Features of the 12-step inverter:
The lower bridge is phase shifted by t/6
with respect to the upper bridge.
Each inverter is connected to the primary
delta winding of each transformer.
Upper bridge transformer only has one
secondary winding per phase whereas
lower bridge transformer has two
secondary windings per phase.
Note the difference in turns ratio for the
two transformers.
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters (contd)
Phasor diagram for voltage synthesis
and output voltage waveform are shown
below:
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters (contd)
The output phase voltages are obtained
by the interconnection of three
secondary windings to satisfy the
phasor diagram on the previous slide,
e.g. v
NA
= v
ab
+v
de
-v
ef
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters (contd)
Since the lower bridge lags by t/6, considering
v
ab
as the reference, the Fourier series of the
component voltages are given by:
where n is the turns ratio of the upper transformer.
2 3 1 1
cos cos5 cos7 ...
5 7
d
ab
nV
v t t t e e e
t
(
= + + +
(
2 1 1
cos cos 5 cos 7 ...
6 6 5 6 7 6
3
ab d
de
v nV
v t t t
t t t t
e e e
t
(
| | | | | |
= Z = + + +
| | |
(
\ . \ . \ .
2 5 5 1 5 1 5
cos cos 5 cos 7 ...
6 6 5 6 7 6
3
ab d
ef
v nV
v t t t
t t t t
e e e
t
(
| | | | | |
= Z = + + +
| | |
(
\ . \ . \ .
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters (contd)
The fundamental component of v
NA
is
given by:
The output phase voltage Fourier series
can be expressed as:
Note the lower harmonic content
compared to the six-step inverter.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 3
cos
d
NA f ab f de f ef f
nV
v v v v t e
t
= + =
4 3 1 1
cos cos11 cos13 ...
11 13
d
NA
nV
v t t t e e e
t
(
= + + +
(
Three-Phase Bridge Inverters (contd)
See Bose text for 18-step inverter.
Simulating Three-Phase Bridge
Inverters
The below figure shows a SIMULINK block
diagram for a 3-phase voltage-fed inverter.