STRUCTURING A RESEARCH ARTICLE

A Presentation By Dr.R.VIJAYAKUMAR EDITORIAL ADVISOR INDIAN JOURNAL OF MARKETING NEW DELHI - 110 016

PLAN
Introduction Means of Disseminating Research Results Preparing a Research Article for Publication Selecting Journal for Publication Issues Relating to Publication Tips for Writing Research Articles Getting Papers Published is a Skill than can be Learned.

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

DEPEND ON The Knowledge Gained Skills Acquired Gaining Knowledge Through Continuous Learning Acquiring Skills Through Training and Practice

DEVELOPMENT OF DISCIPLINES
Applicable for Disciplines also Research Contributes for Development of a Discipline Development in the Disciplines Results in Solving many Problems

PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
Invention and Discovery Invention Finding Out New Facts Normally exists in the Field of Physical and Life Sciences Discovery Finding Out the Existing thing which has not been found by some one else Normally takes place in Social Sciences

RESEARCH WHY?
Adding to the Stock of Knowledge Throwing Lights on the Unnoticed Areas Finding Solutions by having Practical Applications Contribution to the Welfare and Betterment of the Society

TO ACHIEVE THE GOALS OF THE RESEARCH

Dissemination of Research Results Revealing Outcomes to Stakeholders, Society and Policy Makers Useless if it is Not Reaching to the Needy Sections of the Society

WAYS AVAILABLE FOR DISSEMINATION OF RESEARCH OUTCOMES

Paper Presentations Publications in Seminar Proceedings Discussions in the Research Forum Publication (in print and in web)

PAPER PRESENTATIONS
Presenting the Papers in the Seminars and Conferences Positive outcomes Direct Delivery of the Facts Direct Interactions Immediate Reach Immediate Clarification Possibility to get Immediate Feedback Facilitates Discussions

PAPER PRESENTATIONS SOME LIMITATIONS

Limited Reach Subjective Limited Life May not Reach the Stack Holders Imposed Message Face value of the Paper Presenter Time Constraint Receiving Capacity of the Participants Class of Audience

PUBLICATION IN THE CONFERENCE /

SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS Only Abstracts Limited Reach Lesser Life May not Reach the Actual Beneficiaries or Policy Makers or the Stake Holders

DISCUSSIONS
In the Research Forums Limited Reach Stakeholders or Beneficiaries may not Participate in the Discussions Unity of Opinion to Arrive Solutions Will not Offer Concrete Conclusion Followup

PUBLICATION IN THE RESEARCH JOURNALS / UPLOADING IN THE WEBSITES

A Way to Communicate Stay Abreast Exchange Ideas One of the Necessary Steps Embedded in the Scientific Research Process. It is also Necessary for Graduation and Career Progression.

WHY PUBLICATION?
PERSONAL SIGNIFICANCE Self Satisfaction Personal Growth Personal Lifelong Learning Incentives for Publishing Reviewed Journals Convincing Ability Enhanced Self-Discipline Ever Standing

in

Peer-

WHY PUBLICATION?
PROFESSIONAL SIGNIFICANCE
Gain Professional Credibility Respect Among the Colleague Career Enhancement That You Can Feel Connected to the Profession Secure Research Positions, Especially for Early Career Researchers Increasing Pressure from Administrators and Others that You Push yourself to Publish Your Work Benefits to the Institutions

WHY PUBLICATION?
SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE
Wider Reach Adding to the Stock Knowledge others will benefit from your Work Finding Scientific Solutions Future Reference Contribution towards Social Betterment and Welfare May Reach the Policy Makers Declining Financial Resources for Professional Travel at most Institutions

SUPERIORITY OF PUBLICATION IN JOURNALS

Getting Papers Published is a Skill than can be Learned. Hence Publication of Research Articles in Reputed Journals Enjoys Superiority over Presentation of Papers in the Seminars.

PUBLISHING STARTS WITH RESEARCH

Journal Articles are supposed to contain Original Research Two Main Types of Research BASIC Focus on Fundamental Knowledge in a Field. APPLIED Focus on Applying Fundamental Knowledge Towards a Novel Approach or Methodology.

BASIC RESEARCH ORIENTED ARTICLES SOME FACTS

Adding a New Concept or Theory to the Existing Stock of Knowledge Self Understanding about the Concept Wider and in depth Knowledge Similar Studies made in this Area / Identical Contributions in this Area of Research How far i am Differentiating? Clear Introduction about the Concept Stage by Stage or Step by Step Process Involved in Execution of the Concept Relevance / Possibility for Implementation Ability of Substantiating the Facts Implications in Incorporating the Concepts Stakeholders or Target Beneficiaries Assumptions or Precaution Limitations if any

APPLIED RESEARCH ORIENTED ARTICLES SOME FACTS

Making Use of Existing Theories Problem Solving Approach Relevance and Suitability Scope for Analysis Earlier Studies Drawing Inferences

WHAT TO PUBLISH IN RESEARCH

JOURNALS
Full Articles / Original Articles: New and Original Results Reviews or Summaries of Particular Subject Manuscripts that Advance the Knowledge and Understanding in a Certain Field

WHAT NOT TO PUBLISH

Out of Date Work Duplications of Previously Published Work Incorrect/Unacceptable Conclusions Reports of No Scientific Interest

THE BEGINNING
THE QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED BY THE AUTHOR:
Is the Paper Worth Writing? What do I have to say? Is it Worth Saying? Self Confidence Who are the Audience for the Message? Where should I Publish the Message? What are the Requirements so that My Paper is Published? What is the Right Format for the Message? Will it add to the Stock of Knowledge in the Relevant field?

THE RESEARCH QUESTION

A Good Research Paper Addresses a Specific Research Question. The Central Organizing Principle of the Paper Need not be a Wholly New One Extending the Previous Knowledge in a Useful Way An Alternate to the Existing Knowledge Interest to Others Who Work in the Same Area

WHAT IS A GOOD RESEARCH QUESTION?

The Key Attributes are: (I) Specificity (ii) Originality or Novelty (iii) General Relevance to a Broad Discipline

THE RESEARCH QUESTIONHOW IT SHOULD BE?

Precise and Not Merely Identify a General Area of Inquiry. It can Often be Expressed in terms of a Possible Association Between Facts. Establishing Cause and Effect Relationship.

PRIMACY OF THE RESEARCH QUESTION

Generally, Only One Main Research Question should be Addressed in a Paper. If you have Several Distinct Research Questions, Write Several Papers.

FOUR STAGES OF GOOD WRITING

PREWRITING Find ideas Reviewing Appropriate Literature Brainstorming With Colleagues Establish Your Purpose in Writing Determine Your Audience Make Good Use of Information or Data Analyze Prospective Research Journals Understanding the Requirements and Expectations of the Journal Commit to Carrying Out Appropriate Planning Activities

FOUR STAGES OF GOOD WRITING

TEXT DEVELOPMENT Determine a Good Introduction or Lead Work on the Body (Heart) of the Article Write in Paragraphs Good Transitions Between Sections Develop Convincing Conclusions Making Appropriate Recommendations Creating a Stimulating Ending

FOUR STAGES OF GOOD WRITING

REVISING AS APPROPRIATE
Revise as Needed Seek Critiques From at least Two Colleagues Reread and Rework Your Own Writing Clear and Precise Communication

FOUR STAGES OF GOOD WRITING

FINAL EDITING
Carry out Appropriate Editing and Proofing Ensure there is Technical Correctness Spell Checking and Grammar Check Look for Consistency Throughout

WHAT MAKES A GOOD MANUSCRIPT?

Writing a Good Manuscript is NOT Easy. Be prepared to Work Hard on it. Contains a Clear, Useful and Exciting Scientific Message. Flows in a Logical Manner that the Reader can Follow. Best Formatted to Suit the Requirements . Written in a Style that Transmits the Message Clearly.

WHAT MAKES A GOOD MANUSCRIPT?

Cherish your work if you do not take care, why should the journal?
Editors and reviewers are busy , just like you make things easy to save their time! There is no secret recipe for success just some simple rules, dedication and hard work.

BACKGROUND RESEARCH
Has your Idea Already been Published by Someone else? Check all Appropriate Sources. Even if Someone Previously Published YOUR idea, your work still may be Publishable:
Can you Extend the Idea? Can you Counter some of the Information in Print? If it is a Controversial Topic, even Supporting the Published Paper could make your Paper Publishable. Is your work in a Different Environment or Research System than What is in Print?

MANUSCRIPT STRUCTURE
Title Abstract Keywords Introduction Problem Statement Literature Survey Objectives Hypotheses Sampling Procedure Sample Size Tools Employed Analysis Part Results Discussion, Conclusions or Implications Acknowledgements References Cited Tables Figures

TOPIC
A Good Title tells what the Paper is about Specific: Differentiates your Research from Other Published Papers on the Subject Concise: Gives only Important details Informative Informative: Describes the Subject and Perhaps the Organism used or Research Environment

TYPES OF RESEASRCH TOPIC

Declarative Titles State the Main Findings or Conclusions - Generally Used in Research Articles - Convey the Largest Amount of Information. Descriptive Titles - Describe the Subject of the Article but do Not Reveal the Main Conclusions Interrogative Titles - Introduce the Subject in the Form of a Question Less Common and they are More Suitable for Literature Review Articles.

HOW TO FORMULATE YOUR TITLE?

This is your Opportunity to Attract the Readers Attention. Remember: Readers are the Potential Authors Who Will Cite your Article Keep it Informative, Suggestive and Concise. Simple Avoid Technical Jargon and Abbreviations. Avoid Words that Carry Little or No Meaning Avoid Titles that are Too Long. The Recommended Length of a Title is Not More than 12 Words Use a Colon to add Additional Information to the Title

HOW TO FORMULATE YOUR TITLE?

Do not Use Short Forms in the Title Irony, Puns, and Humor in the Title may help you Attract More Readers but they should be Avoided most of the Time Discuss with your Coauthors. Reviewers will Check whether the Title is Specific and Whether it Reflects the Content of the Manuscript Editors Hate Titles that make No Sense or Fail to Represent the Subject Matter Adequately. Use Descriptive Titles that Reveal Appropriate Information and Attract Interest in the Article

HOW TO FORMULATE YOUR TITLE?

Avoid including Useless or Nonessential words. Use what is Necessary to Peak the Reader's Interest. Avoid the use of Boastful Words or Terms that Beg Readers to Believe in the Writer's Credentials. Avoid Catchy Titles that seem to Imply the Article will lead Eventually to a Best Selling Novel or Trade Book. Resist Wordy Titles, the Temptation to Oversell an Idea, or the Desire to Serve as a Missionary for your Passion. Avoid Misleading Words or Terminology with a Double Meaning.

ABSTRACT
The Abstract should be a Stand-alone Summary of the Entire Paper. Although it Appears First, Write the Abstract last. Should Stand Alone! Consider it the Advertisement of Your Article. Make this Very Simple Precise and Understandable, as Readers will Decided to Read Complete Paper or Not After Reading Abstract.

 It gives Concise Information about the Paper. Must be Accurate and Specific. Usually it Consist of Six to Seven Short Sentences and of 150-200 Words. Should tell what you did and Highlight the Key Findings. Use Words which Reflect the Precise Meaning. End with Important Conclusions and Implications. A Clear Abstract will Strongly Influence whether or Not your work is Further Considered.

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT- WHAT IT INCLUDES?

A GOOD ABSTRACT INCLUDES
Research Aim State the Objective Research Approach A Statement about Problem A Statement about the Datasets and Results Proposed Solution A Final Statement that Addresses the Contribution of the Paper to the Relevant Field of Research

COMMON MISTAKES ABSTRACT

Too Much Background Information Figures or Images References to Other Literature

Undefined abbreviations
Using Jargon and Uncommon Abbreviations.

Different Font Sizes Duplicate Words

COMMON MISTAKES ABSTRACT

Punctuation Errors Poor Grammar/Word Choice References in the Abstract Use of Numerals to Start a Sentence Use of Words that do not Exist Contradictory Information Poor Structure

KEY WORDS
Often Come at the End of an Abstract. The Labels of your Manuscript Used for Indexing Purposes Should Not Overlap with the Title Shouldnt be Too Broad or Too Narrow Check the Guide for Authors!

WRITING THE BODY OF THE PAPER

Clear Message. Anticipating Potential Questions from Reviewers and Readers and Answers those Questions in the Paper. Correct Interpretation of the Data and Delivers an Accurate Message. Efficient Formatting and Writing to Save the Readers Time.

INTRODUCTION
The Area of Concern The Research Question Summarize Background Research. Describe the Problem. The Significance of the Problem Are there Any Existing Solutions? What are their Main Limitations?

INTRODUCTION
What do you Hope to Achieve? Cite a Couple of Original and Important Works, Including Recent Review Articles Point Out what is Lacking in the Published Literature (Where is the Gap in Knowledge?) How does your Study add to the Literature Justify your Work Longer the Introduction, the More Theory

INTRODUCTION
Create an Interest to the Reader. Convince Readers of the Importance of the Work. Provide a Perspective Consistent with the Nature of the Journal. Some Journals also Want a Preview of your Results at End of the Introduction. Editors Hate References Irrelevant to the Work, or Inappropriate Judgments on your own Achievements. They will Think that you have No Sense of Purpose at all!

INTRODUCTION HOW IT HAS TO BE

Broad Information on Topic Narrower Background Information Focus of Paper Summary of Problem (Selling Point) Overall 300-500 Words 5-8 pages in Most Psychology and Interdisciplinary Journals Could be Longer in Sociology 1-3 pages in Major Medical Journals

COMMON MISTAKES IN INTRODUCTION

Use More Words than Necessary. Do Not Turn this section into a History Lesson. Readers Loose Interest. Always Keep Sections Separate to Ensure the Manuscript flows Logically from One Section to the Next. A Mixed Bag of Introduction with Results, Discussion, and Conclusion Thrown in for Good Me asure. Excessive Use of Expressions such as Novel, First Time, First Ever, Paradigm Changing.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
States the Purpose of the Research Addresses the Problem, its Importance and Applications Heart of the Research Paper Reveals the Necessity for Undertaking the Study Should be in Simple Words and in an Understandable Manner Primary Issues and Related Issues Solving an Important Problem with Good Application will usually lead to a Good Paper

LITERATURE REVIEW
Contains Information about the existing Literature available to Solve the Same Problem or Related Problems. A Good Literature Survey usually contains a Comprehensive and Exhaustive List of Literature used in Past, their Advantages and Disadvantages and their Applications. Presenting the Gist of Earlier Studies made in Comprehensive and Exhaustive Manner. How the Similar or Related Problem were Addressed in the Earlier Studies A Good Literature Survey Strengthens your Research Article The Gap that you are Filling.

OBJECTIVES
Should be Clearly Formulated Well Defined and Very Specific Expressed in Simple Words Capable to Express the Real Purpose of the Research Must Attract the Attention of the Editor / Reviewer /Reader Primary and Secondary Objectives

HYPOTHESES
Assumptions Guiding Fact A lamp IN THE DARK Establishing Cause and Effect Relationship Should be Tested with Appropriate Tools and Techniques

METHODOLOGY
INCLUDES Type of Research Target Population Sampling Procedure Sample Size Tools Employed

SAMPLING METHOD
Appropriate Method has to be Adopted All Segments / Sections of the Population has to be given Due Weightage Suitable for the Study Possibility of Generalising the Results / Research Outcomes Known and Unknown Population Size

SAMPLE SIZE
Should Represent the Population Adequacy Relevance To Fit into the Requirements of the Study Possibility for Applying Statistical Tools

TOOLS EMPLOYED
Use Appropriate Statistics and Discuss what Tests you Used Relevant to the Study Possibility to fulfil the Objectives of the Study Interpretations and Inferences Avoid Contradiction Do Not apply Different Tools to Find out the Same Fact

ANALYSIS PART
Method Differs Between a Concept Oriented Study and Analytical Study Has to be Seriously Considered Your Originality has to be Ensured

TABLES AND FIGURES

Present only Important Data Use as many as Necessary, but Not More than is Necessary Tables and Figures Should have Enough Detail Title of the Table should be Clear Should be Understood Without Reading the Paper Each Journal Presents the Tables and Figures in Different Ways Follow the Instructions Clearly

INTERPRETATIONS
Conveys the Results of the Tables and Analysis Clear and Precise Do not Start a Sentence with a Numeral Systematic Presentation Simple to Understand Do Not Emphasis much on Revealing the Results on the Basis of Statistics

EXHIBITS
Use Only when it is Necessary Space in the Journal Do Not Duplicate

FINDINGS AND RESULTS

Presents the Summary of the Work you have Done Output of Your Hard Work Presents an Answer to the Research Question Explain the Results of the Work in Terms of the Objectives stated in the Introduction. Only Representative Results, Essential for the Discussion, should be Presented. Easier to Review and Read. Tell a Clear and Easy to Understand Story.

FINDINGS AND RESULTS

Placement and Format. Do Not Repeat Data. Statistics are Often Difficult to Understand, so Clearly Present them. Do Not Hide Data in the Hope of Saving it for a Later Paper. Use Sub Headings to keep Results of the Same Type Together. Compare and Contrast your Findings with Others.

CONCLUSION
Two to Three Paragraphs. Support your Conclusions with Published Literature. Contrast your Conclusions with Published Literature. Mentioning the Superior of your Findings over the Existing Researches. Describe Limitations of your Work. Describe Implications or Applications of your Work. State its Significance in the Field with Useful Applications.

REFERENCES
Most Difficult to Format. Each Journal has different Formatting Instructions for Citations. Read the Author Guide Lines for Appropriate Formatting and Check Recent Issues. This Section can Drive Editors mad if Not Properly Formatted. Check to Make Sure Every Space, Period, Comma, etc. are Perfect.

REFERENCES
Include Only those References you Actually Referred No Extras Make Sure that the Format given by the Journal is followed for all References and All of them are Cited in the Paper Foot Note

Selecting a Journal for Publication

Is your Work Appropriate? Does your Work meet the Quality Standards of the Publication? Identify the journals related to your field of study and their individual focuses Consider your field of study. Every field of study has several different journals publishing information pertaining to that field. Knowing the names of those journals narrows your prospective playing field.

 Select two or three journals with a focus similar to the content of your manuscript. then select a journal with a focus similar to the content of your manuscript. Visit the Journals Website. They often list their Aims and Scope and Tell you what Types of Articles they do and do not Publish. Look at papers recently published in your journal of interest. Ask yourself if your paper is of equal or higher caliber. If not, submit your work to a different journal

Selecting a Journal for Publication

Selecting a Journal for Publication

While you are Writing, follow the Author Guidelines and Formatting Exactly. Read Other Articles from the Journal and Check Formatting.

SUBMISSION OF AN ARTICLE FOR PUBLICATION

Request Letter Author Profile Contact Details Declaration Copyright Form Hard Copy and Soft Copy of the Article in the Required Format Templates On line Submission Other Formalities

PUBLICATION PROCEDURE
Author Submits Editor is Assigned to Manuscript Editor Assigns Reviewers (Associate Editors) to Inspect Reviewers Decide on Whether to Review Paper Several Reviewers Inspect and Edit Editor Decides on Accuracy of Revisions and Whether to Accept Paper If Accepted, Editor sends Paper Back to Author with Revisions Author Revises Paper and Sends it Back Possibility of Second Review Process Publication!

RESPONSE FROM THE JOURNAL

There are Normally Three Responses you get from a Journal Accepted with no Revisions Accepted with Revisions Rejected

ARTICLE ACCEPTED WITH NO REVISION

Intimation will be Sent to the First Author Completing the Remaining Formalities Month and Year and of Publication of Your Article Receiving the Copies

ARTICLES ACCEPTED WITH REVISIONS

Editors / Reviewers Suggest the Necessary Modifications Changes in Format or Concept Specific Instructions will be sent to the Author Submitting the Article after Making the Necessary Modifications Receiving Response from the Editor

REJECTION TO PUBLISH
Not Fit into the Standards

REASONS FOR REJECTION

The Research Question is Not Specified The Stated Aim of the Paper is Vague Confusion in the Structure of the Paper The Manuscripts does not Follow the Journals Instructions for Authors The Paper much Exceeds the Maximum Number of Words Allowed

REASONS FOR REJECTION

The Introduction is an Extensive Review of the Literature In the Introduction and Discussion, Key Arguments are Not Backed up by Appropriate References The Discussion Does Not Provide an Answer to the Research Question The Discussion Overstates the Implications of the Results and Does Not Acknowledge the Limitations of the Study

REASONS FOR REJECTION

Methodology is Not Appropriate Results are Reported Selectively The Contradictory Expression of Results Detailed Tables are Provided for Results that Do Not Relate to the Main Research Question References are Out of Date or Cannot be Accessed by Most Readers The Paper is Written in Poor English

IF YOU GET REJECTED

Do Not Despair, it Happens Read what the Reviewers Wrote Fix the Problems Reformat According to the Journals Instructions Resubmit Research Other Lower Impact Journals that would be Appropriate

COMMON PROBLEMS AMONG MANUSCRIPTS

1.Sentences with Incorrect Grammatical Structure. 2.The Use of Incorrect Punctuation Marks or Grammatical Protocols. 3.Sentences that are Too Long or Overly Complicated. 4.The Use of Incorrect or Inconsistent Heading Styles. 5. Incorrect or Inconsistent Seriation Marks.

COMMON PROBLEMS AMONG MANUSCRIPTS

6.Using Stylistically Incorrect or Inadequate Citational Information. 7.Using Inadequate Transitional Words or Sentences at the Beginning or Concluding Paragraphs in a Section. 8.Overusing Articles (a, an, the) in a Sentence or Even a Paragraph. 9.Lack of Parallelism (Plural/Singular Inconsistencies, Lack of Verb Integrity, etc.).

COMMON PROBLEMS AMONG MANUSCRIPTS

10. Changing the Tense Periodically. 11.Unclear Antecedents for Pronouns that are Used. 12.Too Many Superfluous Adjectives and Adverbs.

OTHER ASPECTS
Spell Check. Grammar Check. In Template? No Plagiarism, even of your Own Published Writing

TIPS FOR WRITING JOURNAL ARTICLES

1) You First must Write an Article 2) Study the Most Timely Topics in the Field 3) Topics with Uniqueness, Future Minded Ness, and Current Interests are Usually the Best . 4) Study the Periodicals. All Provide Clues to the Type of Content Areas or Topics being Accepted. 5) Select the One Seemingly Best Suited for your Manuscript. 6) Use a Short, Dynamic Cover Letter Point out the Value of the Article to Readers of that Journal

TIPS FOR WRITING JOURNAL ARTICLES

1. Study the Techniques of Writing and the Writing Techniques Expected for a Specific Journal. 2. Wordiness is Not Appreciated in this day of Rising Printing and Postage Costs. 3. Write a First Draft Without Worry about Correctness and Exact Wording, let it Rest for a Few days, Then Rewrite and Polish it. Also Remember to ask Others to Read it Seek Feedback, Especially at First. 4. The Lead to an Article is Very Important It Needs to Grab a Readers Attention

TIPS FOR WRITING JOURNAL ARTICLES

Submit a Perfect Copy to the Journal Never submit a Manuscript to More than One Publisher at a Time The Research Paper Topic should be Unique and There should be a Logical Reason to Study it. Know what you want to study, WHY you want to study it, and how your results will contribute to the current pool of knowledge for the subject. Be able to clearly state a hypothesis before starting your work. Focus your efforts on researching this hypothesis.

TIPS FOR WRITING JOURNAL ARTICLES

Consider that your work is meaningful and important. If you dont, people will not perceive it as meaningful and important. Use an external peer review to get your manuscript reviewed prior to submission. Critique your own work.

TIPS FOR WRITING JOURNAL ARTICLES

Be thorough and patient with several rounds of editing of your work while considering all the tiny details of the specifications requested by the journal. Have substantial and convincing evidence to prove your theories. Brainstorm your ideas and have a definite direction mapped out before beginning to write an article.

TIPS FOR WRITING JOURNAL ARTICLES

Short papers are more likely to be read than
long ones. Your paper does not need to answer every remaining question about the topic. If you present your work at an academic conference prior to submitting it for publication, get constructive criticisms from as many potential reviewers as possible

TIPS FOR WRITING JOURNAL ARTICLES

Avoid unnecessarily long paragraphs. Break up
your paragraphs into smaller, useful units. Make sure your graphs and tables can speak for themselves. Do not repeat in words everything that your tables and graphs convey. Be sure to number your figures and tables according to journal guidelines and refer to them in the text in the manner specified by the journal.

The Results section should contain only results,

no discussion.

TIPS FOR WRITING JOURNAL ARTICLES

Highlight how your research contributes to the current knowledge in the field and mention the next steps or what remains. Feel free to explain why your results falsify current theories if that is the case.

TIPS FOR WRITING JOURNAL ARTICLES

The importance of the conclusions section should not be overlooked. It includes a brief restatement of the other parts of the research paper, such as the methodology, data analysis and results, and concludes the overall discussion. It should be brief, concise, and worth remembering. All references used as sources of information in your research paper should be mentioned to strengthen your paper and also to avoid your work being considered plagiarized.

TIPS FOR WRITING JOURNAL ARTICLES

Wrong choice of journal for publishing spells outright rejection. Even if the article is very encouraging with sound and rigorous scholarly work, it will not stand the test

TIPS FOR WRITING JOURNAL ARTICLES

Look at journals that have published articles on your topic previously. The impact factors of the journal will give you an idea of the quality of the journal and how difficult it will be to get your paper accepted. Look at journal acceptance/rejection rates. Look at average time to publication as well as average time to acceptance/rejection notification.

ETHICS IN PUBLISHING
Never Fabricate Data. Never Falsify Data. Do Not Plagiarize. Reword (and Even then Attribute the Source). Direct Quotes are Rarely used, but make Sure you use Quotation Marks and Properly Cite the Source.

ISSUES IN PUBLICATION
Data Manipulation, Falsification Duplicate Manuscripts Redundant Publication Plagiarism Author Conflicts of Interest Poor Structure

AUTHORSHIP ISSUES
Individual or Group Effort. First Author. The Person who Writes the Bulk of the Manuscript Tends to be First Author. The Senior Author is the First Author. They Normally had the Largest Input into the Paper. The First Author is Normally the Corresponding Author because they Know the Most about the Research Paper.

AUTHORSHIP ISSUES
Co Author Who Extends Supports to the First Author in any Form

AUTHORSHIP ISSUES
For Inclusion as an Author, they Normally must make a Substantial Contribution in One (or All) of the Following Areas: 1) Conception of the Ideas or Experimental Design 2) Execution of the Study 3) Analysis or Interpretation of Data 4) Writing of the Manuscript

AUTHORSHIP ISSUES
Who is Not an AUTHOR? Contributing only the following is Not Enough to be an Author Editing of the Paper Providing Funding, Equipment or Lab Space

AUTHORSHIP ISSUES
Being an Advisor But, Advisors often do Contribute in other Ways, too. Lab Technicians: While they often do the Bulk of the Labour, they Normally Do Not have Intellectual Input into the Paper Normally Authors are Listed in Decreasing Order of their Input.

IMPACT FACTOR
People in Academia Try to Publish in What We call High - Impact Journals. These Journals are Well - Respected because of the Quality of the Articles.

IMPACT FACTOR
Impact factor Average number of times published papers are cited up to two years after publication.
Immediacy Index Average number of times published papers are cited during year of publication.

TO SUM UP
1. There are Four Stages to a Successful Writing Process: Prewriting Text Development Revising Editing 2. The Three Most Important Characteristics of a Successful Writer are Personal Commitment to hard work

Self - Discipline
Perseverance. 3. Always Seek Comments about your Manuscript from at Least Two People who Will Provide Honest Feedback; then Utilize such Feedback to Improve Your Work.

TO SUM UP
4. A Successful Writer Acquires and Uses a Variety of Writing Resources. 5. You Should Visualize yourself Both as a Writer and as Involved in the Process of Writing an Article. 6. Identify the Kinds of Writing you Like to do and that you do Well. Use this Understanding as a Foundation on which you Build your Publication Efforts. 7. You Need to Determine the Tone, Mood, and Emphasis that Your Article will Take. 8. Think about a Subject for your Writing in various Ways to Fully Explore an Articles Possibilities. 9. You should Determine who is your Primary Audience. A Journal's Stylistic Guidelines often Provides such Information. 10.Have a Clear Purpose for Your Article. Write this Purpose Down if you can.

TO SUM UP
11. Be a Critic of your Own Writing, be as Objective as Possible, but be Fair with yourself. 12. Designate a Regular part of Each Week for your Writing and Establish Deadlines for Completing Aspects of the Writing Process. Discipline Yourself to meet your Schedule of Deadlines. 13. Design an Environment for your Normal Writing that is Compatible and Conducive to Success. 14. You should Understand well the Manuscript Submission Process that is Expected by the Journal to which you will Send your Article. 15. The Paragraph is the Primary Organizing Unit from which Most Writing Evolves.

TO SUM UP
16.The Basic Structural Elements of your Writing include Phrases within Sentences. 17.An Introductory Section should Grab the Reader's Attention while Establishing Writing Authority. 18.Edit your Article by Looking for Problems in Word Usage, Grammar, Spelling, and Clarity. 19.Believe in the Value of What you are Writing about in Terms of Making a Difference for Readers. 20.Timeliness of the Subject Matter about which you are Writing is Important to Most Journals.

TO SUM UP
21.Be Sure to Match the View Point you are taking with the Appropriate Journal. Many Journals Restrict their Articles to only a Few View Points. 22.Two Important References for Technical Support are a Dictionary (Hard Copy or Online) and Appropriate Stylistic Manual. 23.Pay Special Attention to Subject - Verb Agreement, as the Most Common Grammatical Problem is Lack of Agreement. 24. Over Time you Need to Develop a Style of Writing that is your Own. 25. Avoid the Over use of Jargon or Technical Language in your Article Unless the Audience Level Dictates such Use. 26. There are Several Text Effectiveness Criteria you should Apply to Each Article, Ranging from the Value or Timeliness of Content to the Tone or Readability of your Word.

PEER REVIEW
Review Process Scientists Purpose for Scientists by

To Filter what is Published Science/Research To Provide Researchers with Perspective

as

PEER REVIEW
Where is Peer Review used?
Scientific Publication Grant Review Tenure Promotion

CONSTRAINTS OF PEER REVIEW

Slow Conflicting Views
Confronting Theory Bias Objective vs. Personal Edits