Unit 1 Intro To Object Oriented Programming PT1

Unit 1: Introduction to Object Oriented Programming
public class Car{
private String name; private String model; private String color; private int year;
Objectives
At the end of this unit students should be able to: PT1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Outline the basic ideas behind object oriented programming State what is a class and how a class is related to an object Demonstrate the creation(definition) of a simple class structure (with variables and methods)
Define and use instance variables, class variables, instance methods and class methods
Define constructors for classes. Create objects of a class
PT2
7. 8. 9.
Describe method and constructor overloading and construct classes that have overloaded methods and constructors
Use the Java Class Library and existing classes Define, create and use java packages
10. Differentiate between the various access modifiers and when it is appropriate to
use them
Object Oriented Program?

An Object-Oriented Program consists of a group of
cooperating objects, exchanging messages, for the purpose of achieving a common objective.
Objective:2
State what is a class and how a class related to an
object
Object
An object is a self-contained entity.
It has its own private collection of attributes/fields
(ie. data or properties) and operations/methods (ie. behaviour ) that encapsulate functionality into a reusable and dynamically loaded structure.
Classes
The basic element of object-oriented programming
is a class.
A class is a software blueprint that can be used to
instantiate or create many individual objects.
A class: defines attributes /state which are variables which can store a value that represents a particular property defines the methods that manipulate the object or perform interaction between related objects and methods
Objective: #3
Demonstrate the creation(definition) of a simple
class structure (with variables and methods)
UML Notation for Classes

Example
Class Name Attribute
Methods
Classes contd.
A Class defines a new Reference Data Type
A class defines the shape and behaviour of an
object and is a template for multiple objects with similar features. Once defined this new data type can be used to create objects of that type Thus, a class is a template for an object, and an object is an instance of a class. Example : Car audi = new Car();
Class contd.
When you declare a class, you declare its exact form
and nature. You do this by specifying the data that it contains(fields/attributes) and the code that operates on that data(methods). While very simple classes may contain only code or only data, most real world classes contains both
Classes contd.
The requirements for the
creation of a class include a source file with the <modifier>, class keyword, followed by a legal identifier <class_name> and a pair of curly braces for the body.
Syntax is: <modifier> class <class name>{ //<body of the class> <attribute_declaration>* <constructor_declaration>* <method_declaration>*
Classes contd.
Code:
public class Car{ //<body of the class> private String model; private String make; private int year; private String color; public Car(){ }
public void setMake(){ }
public String getMake(){ }

}
Objective:#4
Define and use instance variables, class variables,
instance methods and class methods
ATTRIBUTES & METHODS

The attributes (state, data or variables) defined
within the class are sometimes referred to as instance variables.
The code for the behaviour of the objects of the
class are contained within the method Collectively the methods and variables within the class are called members of the class.
Declaring Attributes
The elements of attribute declaration are:
<modifier> <type> <name>
Syntax is:
<modifier> <type> <name>
Example public int name;
For example, if the Books name, the authors
name, number of pages of a Book class are its attributes. So the definition of the Book class would be:
public class Book{ private String name; private String authorname; private int nopages;
Methods
Class behaviour are represented in Java by methods
Java methods are similar to functions or procedures
in other programming languages Methods are a series of statements that perform some repeated task. Instead of writing 10 lines of
code we can put those ten lines in a method and just call it in one line.
Methods
Modules in Java are called methods and classes.
Java program are written by combining new
methods and classes the programmers write with prepackaged methods and classes available in the Java API Classes generally consists of two things:
Instance variables (Attributes)
Methods Methods allow the programmmer to modularize program
Declaring Methods
The elements of method declaration are:
<modifier>: <return_type>: <method_name>: <parameters>:
Syntax is:
<modifier> <return_type> <method_name>(<parameters>){ //body of code }
Methods
return_type specifies the type of data returned
by the method. (this can be any valid type including class types that you create) If the method does not return a value, the type must be set to void
public String getName(){ return name; } public void setName(String name){ this.name=name; }
Methods that have a return type other than
void, return a value to the calling routine using the following return statements:
Syntax is:
return value;
Here value is the value returned.
method_name specifies the name given to the
method.(this can be any legal identifier other than those already used by other items within the
current scope).
Parameters- this is a sequence of type and identifier
pairs separated by commas. Parameters are essential variables that receive the value of arguments passed to the method when it is called. If the method has no parameters, then the parameter list will be empty.
local variables
All variable declared in method definitions they are known only in the method in which they are
defined.
A methods parameters are also local variables
Lets look at the example Book.java
Book - name: String - author: String - nopages: int + Book () + getName(): String + getAuthor(): String + getNoPages():int + setName(String):void + setAuthor(String):void +setNoPages(int):void
Objective:#5
Define constructors for classes.
Constructor
A constructor initializes an
object immediately upon creation. It has the same name as the class in which it resides and is syntactically similar to a method. Once defined, it is automatically called immediately after the object is created, before the new operator completes.
Book - name: String - author: String - nopages: int + Book () + getName(): String + getAuthor(): String + getNoPages():int + setName(String):void + setAuthor(String):void +setNoPages(int):void
Constructor
Constructors do not have a return type, not even
void It is the job of the constructor to initialize the internal state of an object, so that the code creating an instance will have fully initialized usable objects immediately Constructors like methods can receive parameters
//Constructor1 public Book(){ name = "Java Programming"; authorname=" "; nopages = 0; } //Constructor2 public Book(String n, String an, String n, int p){ name= n; authorname=an; nopages = p ; }
Constructors need not be explicitly called because constructors are called during the object creation and should be provided with the required parameters if any. Book java=new book(Patrick Norton); The above object creation(java) gives a call to the constructor which takes string parameter. Whenever such definition of the constructor or list of constructor are made it is said that the constructors are overloaded. Will be discussed in details later Such cases one constructor among the list of constructors is called depending upon the object creation
Lets look at the example

Book.java BookApp.java
Objective:6#
Create objects of a class
Declaring Objects
When you create a class you are creating a new
data type. You can use this type to declare objects of that type.
Declaring Objects
Obtaining objects is a two step process.
1. 2.
Declare the variable of the class type (does not define and object Acquire a physical copy of the object and assign it to that variable. (this is done using the new operator.
Example:
Book b = new Book();
The New Operator

The new operator allocates memory for an object and
returns a reference to that object. The reference is then stored in the variable.
Example:
Book b= new Book();
b is the reference to an instance of Book.
Java automatically reclaims the memory used by the object
when it is no longer referred to by any variable. When a new object is created a distinct set of instance variables are obtained. The instances of the class are created during the program execution and discarded as and when required.
Difference between Class and Object

A class creates a new data type that can be use to
create objects A class creates a logical framework that defines the relationship between members A class is like a blueprint from which an object is built.
Difference between Class and Object

When you declare an object of a class, you are
declaring an instance of that class Hence,

a class is a logical construct. an object has physical reality
Dot Operator
The dot notation is used to obtain the value of the
instance variables. <objectReference>.<variable name> Where objectReference is the name of the object and variable name is the instance variable.
Invoking a Method
A method is invoked (i.e. made to perform its
designated task)by a method call. The method call specifies the method name and provides information (as arguments) that the called methods needs to do its tasks
Method Call
Calling a method is similar to calling or referring to
an instance variable. The methods are accessed using dot operator along with the object.
Syntax is:
Objectname.Methodname(param1,param2,);
Example:
Book b = new Book(); b.setName(The World Prose);
Lets look at the example

BookApp.java
Additional Reading
http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/java/package/namingpk
gs.html http://www.jarticles.com/package/package_eng.html http://www.entertainingcode.com/archives/design-fundamentalsencapsulation/

Unit 1 Intro To Object Oriented Programming PT1

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Unit 1: Introduction to Object Oriented Programming

public class Car{

Object Oriented Program?

It has its own private collection of attributes/fields

A class is a software blueprint that can be used to

instantiate or create many individual objects.

class structure (with variables and methods)

UML Notation for Classes

A class defines the shape and behaviour of an

public String getMake(){ }

instance methods and class methods

ATTRIBUTES & METHODS

within the class are sometimes referred to as instance variables.

The code for the behaviour of the objects of the

Example public int name;

For example, if the Books name, the authors

Java methods are similar to functions or procedures

Java program are written by combining new

Methods Methods allow the programmmer to modularize program

Methods that have a return type other than

Here value is the value returned.

method_name specifies the name given to the

Parameters- this is a sequence of type and identifier

A methods parameters are also local variables

Lets look at the example Book.java

Lets look at the example

The New Operator

Java automatically reclaims the memory used by the object

Difference between Class and Object

Difference between Class and Object

declaring an instance of that class Hence,

Lets look at the example

gs.html http://www.jarticles.com/package/package_eng.html http://www.entertainingcode.com/archives/design-fundamentalsencapsulation/

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