Auto-Reclosing On Transmission Systems

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.

Fault Shunts (1)

Z1 F1

ZF N1

ZF

= Fault shunt = Combined Impedance of -ve and zero sequence network impedances for particular fault.

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Fault Shunts (2)

/E /

ZF = Z2 + Z0 ZF = Z2 ZF = Z2 . Z0 Z2 + Z0 ZF = 0 (short circuit) ZF = (open circuit)

//E

Healthy

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Use Of Power Angle Curves

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Power Angle Curves

E1 E2 sin Power Flow Z

Power

Load Angle ()
5 > Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Comparative Power Angle Curves

Power

3 Healthy 2 Healthy 1 Tripped

/E Fault

//E Fault 3 Fault 3 Tripped

Load Angle ()
6 > Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Steady State
X Y

Power

Normal Healthy Operation

P0

Phase Angle Difference

0
7 > Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

During Fault
X Y

Power

Normal

P0 P0 - P1 P1

A
//E Fault

C B 0 1
Phase Difference

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Increased Power Level

X Y

Power Normal

P2' P0 P2

F A E D
Faulted Feeder Disconnected

//E Fault

C
Phase Difference

0 1
9 > Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Damping
Power Normal

Faulted Feeder Disconnected

P0

//E Fault

Phase Difference

Power transfer and phase difference oscillates around E.

Damping causes system to settle at E in stable condition:P0 transfer.
10 > Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Equal Area Criteria

Power

Normal
Faulted Feeder Disconnected

P0'

E A D

//E Fault

2
G
P0'
11

Phase Angle Difference

=
=

Equal areas when G lies on P0'

Max. power transmitted for transient stability.

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Transient Fault Successful A/R

Power Normal

P0''

A D F E

H
Faulted Feeder Disconnected

BC

//E Fault Phase Angle Difference

Successful 3 A/R at E. H = Equal area when H lies on P0''

P0'' = Max. power transmitted for transient stability with 3 A/R.

12 > Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

3ph or 1ph A/R

13

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Single Feeder 3ph A/R

X Y

Power
Normal

P3(A/R)
/E Fault
Line Open 3

P3(A/R)
14

Phase Angle Difference

= Power transfer limit for stability following successful high speed 3 auto-reclose.

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

High Speed 1 A/R Single Interconnector

Power
Normal

P1(A/R)
1 Open

/E Fault

P1(A/R)
15

Phase Angle Difference

= Power transfer limit for stability following successful high speed 1 auto-reclose.

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

1 Auto-Reclose Advantages (over 3 A/R)

1.

Higher power transfer limit.

2.

Reduced power swing amplitude.

3.

Reduced switching overvoltages due to reclosing.

4.

Reduced shock to generators. Sudden changes in mechanical output are less

16

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Choice of Scheme

17

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Choice of Scheme (1)

High Speed Auto-Reclose

1. Single transmission links.

2.

3 A/R.

3.

1 A/R for E/Fs Lockout for multiphase faults.

4.

1 A/R for E/Fs 3 A/R for multiphase faults.

18

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Choice of Scheme (2)

Delayed 3 Auto-Reclose
1. Densely interconnected systems. Minimal power transfer level reduction during dead time

2.

Power swings due to fault and tripping allowed to decay Less shock to system than with speed A/R high

19

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

1 Auto-Reclose Factors Requiring Consideration

1. 2. 3. Separate control of circuit breaker poles. Protection must provide phase selection. Mutual coupling can prolong arcing and require de-ionising time.

4.

Unbalance during dead time (i) Interference with communications (ii) Parallel feeder protection may maloperate More complex and expensive than 3 A/R

5.

20

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

High Speed Auto-Reclose (H.S.A.R.) (1)

Protection
High speed < 2 cycles

Fast clearance at each line end.

Phase comparison Distance schemes with signalling Distance scheme with zone 1 extension Direct intertrip
Phase selection required for 1 A/R

21

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

High Speed Auto-Reclose (H.S.A.R.) (2)

Dead Time (short as possible)

Circuit breaker minimum open - close time

200 - 300 msecs.

Same dead time at each line end.

De-ionising time 1 A/R longer special steps

22

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Delayed Auto-Reclosing (D.A.R.) (1)

Protection
High speed not critical for system stability desirable to limit fault damage improves probability of successful A/R

Dead Time
Allow for power swings and rotor oscillations to die down.

Different settings for opposite feeder ends.

Typically 5 to 60 secs.
23 > Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Delayed Auto-Reclosing (D.A.R.) (2)

Reclaim Time
Allow c.b. capacity to recover to full interrupting value.

Number of Shots
1 (invariably)

24

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Check Synchronizing

25

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Synchronism Check
On interconnected systems - little chance of complete loss of synchronism after fault and disconnection of a single feeder.
Phase angle difference may change to cause unacceptable shock to system when line ends are re-connected.

VB

VL

VL = 0 VB = live Dead Line Charge

26

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems

Check Synchronising

Used when system is non radial. Check synch relay usually checks 3 things:

1) 2) 3)

Phase angle difference Voltage Frequency difference

27

> Auto-Reclosing in Transmission Systems