GEOLOGIC MAP INTERPRETATION

RELATIVE AGE:
Shale Youngest

Sandstone

Unconformity
DYKE And SILL Igneous rock intrusion and accompanying regional metamorphism Sandstone Oldest

This was achieved by applying classical stratigraphic principles. These are the principles of (1) Original Horiz (2) Superposition, (3) Lateral continuity, (4) Cross-cutting relationships.

Features and Sequence of events

X is sandstone B is an Igneous Rock intrusion Z shows a relationship to the igneous body and can be best described as a region of metamorphism (changes in mineral assemblage and texture that result from subjecting a rock to conditions such as pressures, temperatures, and chemical environments) C is a Dyke and D is a sill T is Sandstone A is a non-conformity Y is shale
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
Sandstone was deposited first- earth forces acted on this layer causing a deformation of the layer (tilting and folding) Igneous rock intrusion accompanied by Z which can be best described as a zone of metamorphism Applying the principle of cross-cutting relationship, after the intrusion the dyke C cut across the igneous formation (country rock) followed by D which is a Sill After this there was a break in deposition accompanied by weathering and erosion which gave rise to an unconformity (non-conformity)and subsequent deposition and erosion of the sandstone which tapers to the right. Finally, shale was deposited on the sandstone making it the youngest layer (principle of superposition).

TITLE

THE ROCKS SEEN Sandstone A, Conglomarate B,Limestone D, Shale C, Salt dome G THE RELATIVE AGES OF THE ROCK The geological feature salt-dome is the youngest rock form secondly D,C,B,A and G which is the oldest to the youngest rock

THE GEOLOGICAL FEATURES Anticline fold is indicated in green and the syncline fold is in red, fault is F There was a deposition of limestone originally D then erosion of the limestone occurs and also deposition of shale and conglomerate and sandstones occurred The red and green fold were created as a result of compression acting on the joint formation and this created the fault F We have the dyke formed as a result of intrusion at the surface due to surface erosion

MAJOR SUBDIVISIONS AND BRIEF GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE NIGERIAN NIGER DELTA BASIN

Major subdivisions of the Nigerian Niger Delta are; Benin formation Agbada formation Akata formation
GEOLOGIC HISTORY Separation of the continental crust of the South America and Africa plates in the late Jurassic rift, the event followed by early cretaceous subsidence of the African continental margin. . The most important linked events in the chain of geologic episodes that built the Niger delta was the initiation of the Benue trough and its sequential filling up of marine sediments following the cretaceous transgression (Reyment, 1955; Reyment and Tait, 1972) The coastal sedimentary basin of Nigeria has been the scene of three depositional cycles. The first began with a marine incursion in the middle Cretaceous and was terminated by a mild folding phase in Santonian time. The second included the growth of a proto-Niger delta during the late Cretaceous and ended in a major Paleocene marine transgression. The third cycle, from Eocene to Recent, marked the continuous growth of the main Niger delta.

Environment of Deposition Thickness

BENIN Continental environment

AGBADA Transitional environment

AKATA Marine environment >4,000feet 80% 20% Eocene-recent Source rock

>6000feet >10,000feet 40% BENIN 20% AGBADA AKATA Shale content Environment of Continental Transitional 60% Marine 80% Sand content Deposition environment environment environment MioceneEoceneAge Thickness >6000feet >10,000feet >4,000feet recent Oligocene
Shale content

Hydrocarbon
Sand content content Age

Hydrocarbon content

Very little Major hydrocarbon hydrocarbon 80% 60% accumulation hasEoceneaccumulations Miocene-recent been associated in Oligocene found with formation Very this formation little Major
hydrocarbon hydrocarbon

20%

40%

80%

20%

are Eocene-recent this

Source rock

Coarse Rich Composition/ accumulation has been accumulations are found

Nature
Composition/Na ture of deposits

in microPresence of grained, poorly fauna at the base Benthonic associated with this in this formation sorted, sub angular decreasing upward, assemblages, thin formation toCoarse well-rounded andRich poor sorting Presence and sandstone lenses grained, in microof poorly bears sorted, sub angular fauna at coarse the base Benthonic assemblages, wood occur near the grains to well-rounded and bears decreasing upward, poor thin sandstone contact lenses with the fragments wood fragments sorting and coarse grains occur near the overlying contact Agbada with the overlying formation Agbada
formation

A sedimentary rock is the second great rock class. Whereas igneous rocks are born hot, sedimentary rocks are born cool at the Earth's surface, mostly under water. They usually consist of layers or strata; hence they are also called stratified rocks. Depending on what they're made of, sedimentary rocks fall into one of three types. There are three type of sedimentary rock: Clastic sedimentary rocks which are formed as a result of eroded sediment. Biogenic sedimentary rock which are formed from the remains of living things. Evaporates which are formed by minerals precipitating out of a solution.

ARABIAN PENINSULA
SIMPLIFIED MAP OF THE ARABIAN PENINSULA

Geologically it lies on a tectonic plate of its own. it consist of two distinctively different geological regions; (Western and Eastern region). The Eastern Region is made up of mostly sedimentary limestone rock which deposited in layers by expanding and receding ancient seas. These sedimentary layers where then folded by tectonic pressure from east that resulted in the formation of mountains. The large deposition of oil is found in the sedimentary folds anticline of the peninsula. The original sediments of the peninsula are clarbonates, clastics and everporites followed by marine sandstones and variegated shales.

A MAP SHOWING OIL AND GAS FIELD OF THE PENISULA

PRODUCTION PROFILE OF OIL AND GAS IN THE PENINSULA it has the largest oil field reserves in the world, especially the GHAWAR field, with estimated remaining reserve of 70million bbls. The arabian peninsula contains alone two third of the entire world estimated reserves. As at 2010 saudi arabia has an estimated 260bbbl of crude reserves and 1.8mbbl of NGL, of which 12mbbl/d is produced daily. Also as at 2007, saudi arabia has 275trillion cubic feet of gas reserver of which 2.7 TCf is produced daily. Finally there ongoing and completed projects to improve the production capacity of arabian peninsula, it is analyzed that production figures will more than double present figures once these projects come on stream.

North Sea Basin

North Sea Netherlands, UK, Germany, Denmark, Norway Major Subdivisions: Northern / Central (80% of UK fields are under development or on production). Southern North Sea SNS (50% of UK fields are under development or on production). Worldoil.com E&P Companoes: BG Group, BP, Chevron, Eni, ExxonMobil, Gaz de France, Shell, Statoil Geological History. Pre-Devonian Later Paleozoic Mesozoic. Cenozoic Tectonic Process: Plate-margin effects (subduction). Deformation Almost all of the hydrocarbon fields in the southern part of the North Sea are gasfields

NORTH SEA (FD & PROD)

FIELD DEVELOPMENT
Exploratorary of Dutch Gas field took exploration offshore leading to investigation into the North Sea. Formed through a period of sequential sedimentation , The North Sea basin is characterised by a rift drift sequence.

PRODUCTION
Production has peaked twice but steadily declines now. The earlier peak was during the mid 80s when technology and demand grew and production was from 32 fields. The second peak was 1999 when production was from 136 fields. The dip in between is due to fall in oil price and the fitting of safety equipment post Piper Alpha.