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Ikele, Onas Ojienakhe Opoku Prince kwaku Shahin Abdul Razak Shajahan @00318909 Adedokun Oluwasegun Isaac Anene Uche Quincy Chimezie Arynov Ilyas Okpaghoro Anthonette Eric Dankwa Fasakin Akinwole William west Isoibim Benjamin Muyiwa Adegboyega Chidimma Chilaka Abdul Taufeeq Muftahu Nuhu Yahya Samuel J. Amakiri
@00316519 @00314554
@00315601 @00314435 @00317240 @00302388 @00279531 @00312389 @00324548 @00315766 @00325389 @00320283 @00312832 @00279520
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS TEMPERATURE? Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses the common notions of hot and cold. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT SCALES Fahrenheit Scale Centigrade / Celsius Scale Kelvin/ Absolute Temperature Scale
Comparison of Temperature Scales Fahrenheit Water boils Body temperature Water freezes Absolute zero 212 98.6 32 -460 Celsius 100 37 0 -273 Kelvin 373 310 273 0
EXPANSION THERMOMETERS
Expansion of solids Bi-metal strips Expansion of liquids Liquid-in-metal thermometers Expansion of Gases Gas thermometer Change-of-state thermometer Vapour pressure thermometer Pyrometer cones, bars and rings
BIMETALLIC STRIP
Description A bimetallic strip isinvar made up of 2 dissimilar metals that are fused together, having different coefficient of expansion.
brass
Advantages Less expensive Easy to operate on site readings Used in small domestic appliance
flame Disadvantage -it works in small temperature range -it has low accuracy -Readings cannot be gotten remotely
Applications it can be used to operate a thermostat as temperature control device it can be used to operate a steam trap used to drive pointer on an instrument
Disadvantage
High cost due to corrosion effect of liquid metal contact. Cannot be read remotely
Accuracy
1% F.S.D .
Application
Response of temperature for gases is more rapid then for liquid. Higher coefficient of expansion than liquids and solids.
Used in electrical ovens to operate On & Off switch, boilers and air condition
Pyrometric Cones, Bars and Rings: Mixtures of minerals are made up in the form of bars and cones, and placed in a Kiln. Those of lower melting points will melt, one will bend over to indicate the temperature of the kiln, the next cone of higher melting point is not affected.
Accuracy 10C
Application Used in ceramic industries to determine Kiln temperatures.
Total radiation pyrometers Partial radiation pyrometers Chopped radiation pyrometers Ratio (two-colour) pyrometers Reflecting hemisphere pyrometers Optical pyrometers
RESISTANCE THERMOMETERS
DESCRIPTION Consist of a length of fine coiled wire (e.g.. Platinum, nickel, copper)wrapped around a ceramic core. Temperature is sensed in the spiral wire and transmitted to a meter connected to the leads. ADVANTAGES Linear over wide operating range Wide temperature operating range
RANGE
Up to 600C
DISADVANTAGES
Affected by shock and vibration.
They need a bridge circuit, power supply. Platinum contamination at temperature over 660C
ACCURACY
Lab Instrument: 0.01C at 500C Better than 0.5% for
APPLICATIONS
Industrial Uses Air conditioning and refrigeration servicing. Food Processing. Stoves and grills. Textile production. Plastics processing. Petrochemical processing. Micro electronics.
Laboratory Uses Air, gas and liquid temperature measurement Exhaust gas temperature measurement
THERMISTORS
DESCRIPTION Thermistors consist of an element made from semiconductor material like metal oxides or oxide mixtures such as cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, tin, titanium, uranium, zinc
PTC thermistors are used as: current limiting devices for circuit protection. NTC thermistors are used as: resistance thermometer in low temperature measurement of 10k order. To monitor the temperature in incubators
THERMOELECTRIC THERMOMETER
DESCRIPTION
A device consisting of two junctions of two dissimilar metals, in an electric circuit; when the two junctions are at different temperatures, a voltage is generated by the device; used for measuring temperature. There are two types of thermoelectric thermometer and they include the Base-metal thermocouple (commonly made of alloys of Nickel-chromealuminium, Iron-constantan and/or copper-constantan) and the Raremetal thermocouple (commonly made of platinum and platinumrhodium)
APPLICATION Used for temperature measurement for kilns, gas turbine exhaust, diesel engines, and other industrial processes. DISADVANTAGES Inaccurate over a wide range. Different thermocouples are required for different ranges. Metals could be affected by oxidization, and other degradation. Cold junction compensations to be considered. Errors could arise from prolonged use due to metal vapours and other furnace gases thus for each thermocouple, galvanometer requires fresh calibration.
ADVANTAGES Nickel-ChromeRANGE Aluminium alloy Up to 800C for Iron eliminates the Constantan. problem of rust 1000 - 2000C for Nickel Rapidly varying Chrome Aluminium. temperature can be measured. Cheap and easy to ACCURACY construct. 0.2% -0.75% of full scale It can measure temperature at a point.
RADIATION PYROMETERS
Radiation is a process in which energetic particles or waves travels through a medium or space. Kirchhoff law of thermal radiation states that Radiation emitted by anybody at a certain temperature is equal to the radiation emitted by a blackbody at the same temperature multiplied by the absorptance. The black body temperature is described by Plancks law.
C1 = 3.74 * 10-19 KWm2 C2 = 1.439 * 10-2mK Eb = Amount of energy per unit area of a blackbody. T = Temperature = Wavelength Radiation pyrometers are used in places where physical contact temperature sensors like Thermocouple, RTD, and Thermistors would fail because of the high temperature of the source.
RANGE
600- 12000C. ACCURACY Non-linear
ADVANTAGES To measure very high temperature. High output signal and moderate cost. No need to have contact with measuring system. Fast response.
DISADVANTAGE Non-linear scale. Error will occur. Emissivity of target material affects the measurements.
APPLICATION
Used to measure temperature of moving target Used to measure temperature of a target where physical contact is impossible e.g. Molten metal. Used to measure temperature in corrosive environment. Used to measure invisible rays from radiations
PARTIAL-RADIATION PYROMETER
DESCRIPTION
It is a disappearing filament optical pyrometer, suitable for measuring high temperature of incandescent objects, in annealing and hardening furnaces, in firing kilns, for measuring the temperature of molten and flowing metal or glass as well as incandescent blocks during forging, pressing or rolling. The temperature measurement ADVANTAGE RANGE makes use of comparison between the Has light weight, houses all 0 800 -2000 C. brightness of an electrically heated and components of the complete calibrated incandescent filament measuring equipment. ACCURACY DISADVANTAGE 1% of measuring They are easy to operate. Sensitive only to restricted range. wavelength. High measuring accuracy. Reflected radiation can cause serious errors in radiation pyrometer at temperature below 8000C.
APPLICATION For measuring high temperature of incandescent objects, in annealing and hardening furnaces, in firing kilns e.g Ceramics and Cement industries
For measuring the temperature of molten and flowing metal e.g. Steel industries or molten glass as well as incandescent blocks during forging, pressing or rolling
http://www.processsensorsir.com
ACCURACY 1% F.S.D
RANGE 30-550 0C
ADVANTAGES Virtually no thermal drift. Unequalled noise filtering. High temperature resolution. Long term stability. Excellent dynamic compensation of thermal shock. To reduce signal noise.
DISADVANTAGES The cost is relatively ACCURACY Highly Accurate high, especially when compared to contact devices.
APPLICATIONS Moving objects or any surface that cannot be reached or touched. Monitoring such operation as glass, metal, chemical, cement etc. Subzero measurements ( in the foods, electronics, paper, pharmaceutical, plastics, textile industries, etc.) Checking large lines, vessels, steam traps, and so on, for faulty operation.
Application Used for spot temperature measurement up to 1300 C on all surfaces except unoxidised metals. It is also used as a laser processing apparatus.
OPTICAL PYROMETERS
DESCRIPTION Used for temperature measurement of an object. The device actually tracks and measures the amount of heat that is radiated from an object.
In an optical pyrometer, a brightness comparison is made to measure the temperature. As a measure of the reference temperature, a colour change with the growth in temperature is taken. The device compares the brightness produced by the radiation of the temperature source with that of a reference temperature.
ADVANTAGES Provides a very high accuracy with +/-5 degree Celsius No need for direct body contact between instrument and object. Can be used in a wide variety of applications e.g. moving objects. Distance is not a problem as device can be used for remote sensing. Ease of use lightweight, portable, flexible.
DISADVANTAGES
Device can only be used in applications with a minimum temperature of 700 degree Celsius. Device not useful for obtaining continuous values of temperatures at small intervals. Expensive. Not useful for measuring temperature of clear gas.
APPLICATIONS
Used to measure temperatures of liquid metals or highly heated materials. Can be used to measure furnace temperatures
SUCTION PYROMETER
DESCRIPTION The suction pyrometer measures the true temperature of a gas. The sensor, more commonly an type S thermocouple, is shielded by 3 concentric ceramic tubes to minimize the radiactive exchange with the surrounding surfaces or flames. The gas is aspirated through the ceramic shields at very high velocity (>100m/s).
Accuracy Pyrometer has an accuracy of 1.0% with high response time of 7-10 seconds.
Easy maintainabilit y
Durability/ ruggedness
VENTURI-PNEUMATIC PYROMETER
Description
This is an instrument which measures gas and flame temperatures. The gas temperature is measured by comparing the gas density at the unknown temperatures with its density at known lower temperature. The density measurements are obtained by venturi restriction using pressure drops.
30% at 1300oC
Advantages its rapid rate of response its usage in regenerative furnace its extensive usage time of over 15 hours among others.
APPLICATION
DISADVANTAGE In practice it is usually difficult to define L and m precisely. Guard ring systems are not perfect which also affects the accuracy.
DESCRIPTION This instrument measures the total heat flux by absorbing on the disc and conducting it away radically to the instrument
ADVANTAGES Simple in construction Can be used in positions inaccessible to the plug type
APPLICATION
To measure the direct heat flux upon a furnace
ELLIPSOIDAL RADIOMETER
DESCRIPTION Used to measure the total radioactive flux(radiation) incoming from the medium facing the tip of the radiometer
ADVANTAGE Traversing measurements through the flame are also possible and provide additional information on the flame radioactive properties