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Waste Management
Wastes include:
Liquid or solid residues from a process Contaminated materials Off-specification products Accidental spillages Machine/finishing residue Fugitive emissions Gaseous discharges
Waste Management
Main causes of waste generation
Inappropriate raw material Inefficient process Unsuitable equipments Poor operation practices Accidents
Waste Management
The main objective is:
Design a new process or modify an existing plant or process to satisfy environmental, users and system requirements
Waste Management
To be learned:
How to eliminate/minimise the waste in the sources by substitution of raw material, changing the process conditions, equipment or recycling the Process streams.
Waste Management
The concepts that would be reviewed in this course are: Waste Minimisation, Polution Prevention, green Chemistry/Clean Technology, Recycling and Waste Treatment
M. Shahriari - Chalmers
Waste Management
Course structure Lectures
Waste Minimization and P2 Cleaner Technology Study Visit
Sustainability
Environmental Protection
Sustainable Development
Economic Stability
Social Responsibility
SD aims to meet two key objectives of modern societies; Economic development to secure higher standards of living Protection of the environment
Waste Management
How can we find ways to meet our current economic and social needs without compromising the ability of our children, and our children's children, to do the same? Our success will depend on understanding the difference between:
Sustainable practices: practices that provide ongoing economic and social benefits without degrading the environment. Unsustainable practices: "quick fixes" that fill an immediate need for resources. Over time, however, these practices deplete or damage natural resources so they cannot be used or enjoyed by future generations.
Waste Management
Waste Definition:
Any substance which constitutes a scrap material or an effluent, or other unwanted surplus substance arising from the application of a process.
Wastes
represent losses from the production process of valuable materials and energy
Waste Management
Wastes include:
Liquid or solid residues from a process Contaminated materials Off-specification products Accidental spillages Machine/finishing residue Fugitive emissions Gaseous discharges
M. Shahriari - Chalmers
Waste Management
Main causes of waste generation :
Inappropriate raw material Inefficient process Unsuitable equipments Poor operation practices Accidents
M. Shahriari - Chalmers
Waste Management
Products
Feeds Process
Waste
Original Process Feeds Process
Effluent treatment
Products
Waste Effluent treatment
Waste Management
Waste management is involved with all efforts concerning with eliminating or minimizing of wastes including: Identification of wastes and the sources of generation in a process Selecting and implementing of the most appropriate techniques with respect to economic point of view as well as environmental reasons in the frame of the hierarchy of WM practices through process optimization or redesign in developing cleaner process
Waste Management
The main objective of waste management is:
Cost effective handling, minimization, treatment and disposal of waste under the key constraint of legislation and its enforcement
In a new process, the implications of waste must be considered at all stages from conceptual design through to detailed design/optimization and pilot studies
Waste Management
Wastes include:
Liquid, solid, and gaseous waste materials can be generated during the manufacture of any product Waste generated in process industries represents a loss of raw material, intermediates, by-products which may cause damage to the environment and requires time, manpower and money to manage.
M. Shahriari - Chalmers
Hierarchy of waste management options set down in EC Council Resolution on Waste Policy
Prevention Best
Minimization
Recycling Disposal Worst
Waste Management
Earlier policy
Reutilisation Material recycling Energy recycling Landfill disposal
Re-utilisation Material recycling Energy recycling Landfill disposal
Clean Technology
Reduce
Substitute Change Utilities Products Process
Raw Materials
Waste
Improve
Minimise/recycle
Disposal/ treatment
Waste Minimisation
Synonymous terms of waste minimisation:
- Waste Reduction - Clean or Cleaner Technology/Engineering/ Processing - Pollution Prevention (P2)/Reduction - Environmental Technologies - Low and Non-Waste Technologies
Waste Minimisation
- What are the benefits of Waste Minimisation? - What are the main barriers in Waste Minimisation? - What is the major element of success in Waste Minimisation? - Methodology of Waste Minimisation
Good Technological Input material Product practice changes changes Changes Cleaner processes
Retrofitting
2. the process
3. the equipment 4. the effluent treatment
Sources of waste
In an existing plant before thinking about waste minimisation we need to know:
Where it is being generated ? How it is generated ? Where it is going ?
This requires a waste audit ( a material and energy balance) A balance which takes into account startup, shutdown, and product changeover is often required.
M. Shahriari - Chalmers
Sources of Wastes
Process waste Reactor Separation Reactor and recycle Heat exchangerand network Separation recycle Heat exchanger network Utility waste
Utilities
Sources of Waste
Process waste in reactor in separation and recycling systems Utility waste
From furnaces, steam boiler, gas turbines, diesel engines, and stack outlets.
in process operations
4. Impurities in the feed materials become waste or can react to produce additional waste byproducts
5. Catalyst is either degraded and requires changing or is lost and can not be recycled
recycling waste streams directly; beneficiation/purification of the feed; elimination of extraneous materials used for separation; additional separation of waste streams to allow increased recovery.
Recycling (1)
With respect to the hierarchy of WM practices, recycling should Only be considered if all other options for W Minimization have been exhausted. The success of recycling depends on:
The ability to reuse the waste by return to originating process as a substitute for an input material The ability to use the waste as a raw material either on-site or off-site The ability to segregate recoverable and valuable materials from a waste
Recycling (2)
On-Site Recycling:
The optimum place to recover waste is within the production facility. The following wastes are good candidates for recycling:
Contaminated versions of process raw materials Lightly contaminated wastes which can be used in other operations not requiring high quality materials Wastes which have physical and chemical properties suitable for other on-site applications-e,g., the use of waste solvent, oil, etc in combustion process Reuse of extracted water from dilute, high volume waste streams Waste which can be refined on-site e.g., the recycling of slop oils in an oil refinery Most on-site recycling processes will generate some waste which must be disposed safely if can not be further used on-site
Recycling (3)
Off-Site Recycling:
Wastes may be considered for use off-side when: No facility is available on site Generated waste is not enough to make on-site recycling The recovered material can not be used in the process The cost of off-site recycling depends on different factors including the purity of the waste and the market. In a few cases waste may be transferred to another company to be used as raw material. Such an exchange can be economically advantageous to both companies.
Some Actions
Increase automation
Modify the system Send vapour into recovery system or use tank with floating roof as a flexible membrane Perform risk assessment Improve reliability