How to Calculate Present Values

Chapter 3
Principles of Corporate Finance
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Topics Covered
Valuing Long-Lived Assets
PV Calculation Short Cuts
Compound Interest
Interest Rates and Inflation
Example: Present Values and Bonds
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Present Values
Discount Factor = DF = PV of $1




Discount Factors can be used to compute
the present value of any cash flow.
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Present Values
Discount Factor = DF = PV of $1




Discount Factors can be used to compute
the present value of any cash flow.
DF
r
t
=
+
1
1 ( )
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Present Values





Discount Factors can be used to compute
the present value of any cash flow.
DF
r
t
=
+
1
1 ( )
1
1
1
1 r
C
C DF PV
+
= =
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Present Values





Replacing 1 with t allows the formula
to be used for cash flows that exist at any
point in time.
t
t
t
r
C
C DF PV
+
= =
1
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Present Values
Example
You just bought a new computer for $3,000, but you
negotiated a deal where you pay in two years time. If you
can earn 8% on your money, how much money should you
set aside today in order to make the payment when due in
two years?
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Present Values
Example
You just bought a new computer for $3,000, but you
negotiated a deal where you pay in two years time. If you
can earn 8% on your money, how much money should you
set aside today in order to make the payment when due in
two years?

PV = =
3000
1 08
2
572 02
( . )
$2, .
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Present Values
PVs can be added together to evaluate
multiple cash flows.
PV
C
r
C
r
= + +
+ +
1
1
2
2
1 1 ( ) ( )
....
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Present Values
Given two dollars, one received a year from
now and the other two years from now, the
value of each today is the same as the one
year and two year Discount Factors
respectively. Assume r1 = 20% and r2 = 7%.
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Present Values
Given two dollars, one received a year from
now and the other two years from now, the
value of each is a Discount Factor. Assume
r1 = 20% and r2 = 7%.
87 .
83 .
2
1
) 07 . 1 (
00 . 1
2
) 20 . 1 (
00 . 1
1
= =
= =
+
+
DF
DF
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Present Values
Example
Assume that the cash flows
from the construction and sale
of an office building is as
follows. Given a 7% required
rate of return, create a present
value worksheet and show the
net present value.
000 , 300 000 , 100 000 , 150
2 Year 1 Year 0 Year
+
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Present Values
Example - continued
Assume that the cash flows from the construction and sale of
an office building is as follows. Given a 7% required rate of
return, create a present value worksheet and show the net
present value.
( )
400 , 18 $
900 , 261 000 , 300 873 . 2
500 , 93 000 , 100 935 . 1
000 , 150 000 , 150 0 . 1 0
Value
Present
Flow
Cash
Factor
Discount
Period
2
07 . 1
1
07 . 1
1
= =
+ + =
=

Total NPV
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Short Cuts
Sometimes there are shortcuts that make it very easy
to calculate the present value of an asset that pays off
in different periods. These tolls allow us to cut
through the calculations quickly.
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Short Cuts
Perpetuity - Financial concept in which a
cash flow is theoretically received forever.
PV
C
r =
=
lue present va
flow cash
Return
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Short Cuts
Perpetuity - Financial concept in which a cash
flow is theoretically received forever.
r
C
PV
1
rate discount
flow cash
Flow Cash of PV
=
=
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Short Cuts
Annuity - An asset that pays a fixed sum
each year for a specified number of years.
( )
(

+
=
t
r r
r
C
1
1 1
annuity of PV
The annuity factor is the difference between the present value of two
perpetuities one starting t years from now
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Annuity Short Cut
Example
You agree to lease a car for 4 years at $300 per
month. You are not required to pay any money up
front or at the end of your agreement. If your
opportunity cost of capital is 0.5% per month,
what is the cost of the lease?
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Annuity Short Cut
Example - continued
You agree to lease a car for 4 years at $300 per
month. You are not required to pay any money up
front or at the end of your agreement. If your
opportunity cost of capital is 0.5% per month,
what is the cost of the lease?
( )
10 . 774 , 12 $
005 . 1 005 .
1
005 .
1
300 Cost Lease
48
=
(

+
=
Cost
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Compound Interest
i ii iii iv v
Periods Interest Value Annually
per per APR after compounded
year period (i x ii) one year interest rate

1 6% 6% 1.06 6.000%

2 3 6 1.03
2
= 1.0609 6.090

4 1.5 6 1.015
4
= 1.06136 6.136

12 .5 6 1.005
12
= 1.06168 6.168

52 .1154 6 1.001154
52
= 1.06180 6.180

365 .0164 6 1.000164
365
= 1.06183 6.183
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Compound Interest
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 3 6 9
1
2
1
5
1
8
2
1
2
4
2
7
3
0
Number of Years
F
V

o
f

$
1
10% Simple
10% Compound
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Growth

) - (
= perpetuity growing of lue Present va
1
g r
C
] [
) + 1 )( - (
) 1 (
-
) (
1
= annuity growing PV
1
t
t
r g r
g
g r
C
+

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Present Values, Future Values and
Equivalent annuities
PV
FV
EAC EAC
(1 + r )
t
1
(1 + r )
t
A
S
t r
t r
1
by Discount
Factor
A
t r
S
t r
1
by Compound
Factor
Present Value
Annuity Factor
Future Value
Annuity Factor
Present Value
Annuity Factor
Future Value
Annuity Factor
Inverse of
Inverse of
Note for Perpetuities: To convert an EAC to a PV multiply by 1/r
To convert a PV to an EAC multiply by r
Multiply EAC by
Multiply PV by
Multiply EAC by
Multiply FV by
Multiply FV
Multiply PV
t
t
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Inflation
Inflation - Rate at which prices as a whole are
increasing.

Nominal Interest Rate - Rate at which money invested
grows.

Real Interest Rate - Rate at which the purchasing power
of an investment increases.
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Inflation
1 + real interest rate =
1+nominal interest rate
1+inflation rate
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Inflation
1 + real interest rate =
1+nominal interest rate
1+inflation rate
approximation formula
Real int. rate nominal int. rate-inflation rate ~
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Inflation
Example
If the interest rate on one year
government bonds is 5.9% and the
inflation rate is 3.3%, what is the real
interest rate?
Savings
Bond
$$$$$
Government
Bond
$$$
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Inflation
Example
If the interest rate on one year government
bonds is 5.9% and the inflation rate is 3.3%,
what is the real interest rate?
1
1
+
+
real interest rate =
real interest rate = 1.025
real interest rate = .025 or 2.5%
1+.059
1+.033
Savings
Bond
$$$
Government
Bond
$$$
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Inflation
Example
If the interest rate on one year government bonds
is 5.9% and the inflation rate is 3.3%, what is the
real interest rate?
1
1
+
+
real interest rate =
real interest rate = 1.025
real interest rate = .025 or 2.5%
Approximation =.059-.033 =.026 or 2.6%
1+.059
1+.033
Savings
Bond
Government
Bond
$$$
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Valuing a Bond
Example
If today is October 2000, what is the value of the following
bond?
A Corporate Bond pays $115 every Sept for 5 years. In
Sept 2005 it pays an additional $1000 and the bond is
retired.
The bond is rated AAA (Currently AAA YTM is 7.5%).
Cash Flows
Sept 01 02 03 04 05
115 115 115 115 1115
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Valuing a Bond
Example continued
If today is October 2000, what is the value of the following
bond?
A Corporate Bond pays $115 every Sept for 5 years. In Sept
2005 it pays an additional $1000 and the bond is retired.
The bond is rated AAA (Currently AAA YTM is 7.5%).
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
84 . 161 , 1 $
075 . 1
115 , 1
075 . 1
115
075 . 1
115
075 . 1
115
075 . 1
115
5 4 3 2
=
+ + + + = PV
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Bond Prices and Yields
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
5 Year 9% Bond 1 Year 9% Bond
Yield
P
r
i
c
e

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