Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Peter A. Stricker, PE
Product Sales Manager Eaton Aerospace Hydraulic Systems Division August 20, 2010
Purpose
Acquaint participants with hydraulic system design principles for civil aircraft Review examples of hydraulic system architectures on common aircraft
Agenda
Introduction Review of Aircraft Motion Controls
Hydraulic design philosophies for conventional, more electric and all electric architectures
Hydraulic System Interfaces
Introduction
1 As airplanes grow in size, so
do the forces needed to move the flight controls thus the need to transmit larger amount of power
Air Turbine Pump
2 Hydraulic system
Electric Motorpump
Ram Air Turbine Pump
Hydraulic Storage/Conditioning
Introduction
Aircrafts Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW) drives aerodynamic forces that drive control surface size and loading
A380 1.25 million lb MTOW extensive use of hydraulics
1 Ailerons
control roll
2 Elevators
3 Rudder
control pitch
controls yaw
Flaps (Trailing Edge), slats (LE Flaps) increase area and camber of wing
permit low speed flight Flight Spoilers / Speed Brakes: permit steeper descent and augment ailerons at low speed when deployed on only one wing Ground Spoilers: Enhance deceleration on ground (not deployed in flight) Trim Controls: Stabilizer (pitch), roll and rudder (yaw) trim to balance controls for desired flight condition
PRIMARY SECONDARY
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Landing Gear
Utility systems
Spoiler Actuator
GEARBOX
Electrical
Engine Driven Pump
Pump attached to electric motors, either AC or DC Generally used as backup or as auxiliary power Electric driven powerpack used for powering actuation zones Used for ground check-out or actuating doors when engines are not running Ram Air Turbine
Pneumatic
Bleed Air turbine driven pump used for backup power Ram Air Turbine driven pump deployed when all engines are inoperative and uses ram air to drive the pump Accumulator provides high transient power by releasing stored energy, also used for emergency and parking brake
Maintenance-free Accumulator
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Many system architectures* and design approaches exist to meet this high level requirement aircraft designer has to certify to airworthiness regulators by analysis and test that his solution meets requirements
* Hydraulic System Architecture: Arrangement and interconnection of hydraulic power sources and consumers in a manner that meets requirements for controllability of aircraft
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Minor
Major Hazardous
Reasonably probable
Remote Extremely remote
NA
P 10-5 P 10-7
Catastrophic
Examples
Extremely improbable
P 10-9
SYSTEM 1 EDP
System segregation
Route lines and locate components far apart to prevent single rotor or tire burst from impacting multiple systems
ROLL 3 PITCH 3
YAW 3
LNDG GR EMRG BRK NSWL STRG
EMP
OTHERS
EMP
PTU
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ROLL 2 PITCH 2
System segregation
Route lines and locate components far apart to prevent single rotor or tire burst to impact multiple systems
YAW 1
OTHERS LNDG GR NORM BRK
YAW 2
OTHERS EMRG BRK
Third System replaced by one or more local and dedicated electric systems
Tail zonal system for pitch, yaw Aileron actuators for roll Electric driven hydraulic powerpack for emergency landing gear and brake
NW STRG
Flight control actuators will like remain hydraulic, using Electro-Hydrostatic Actuators (EHA) or local hydraulic systems, consisting of
Miniature, electrically driven, integrated hydraulic power generation system Hydraulic actuator controlled by electrical input
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Fly-by-Wire
Pilot input read by computers Computer provides input to electrohydraulic flight control actuator Control laws include
Enhanced logic to automate many functions Artificial damping and stability Flight Envelope Protection to prevent airframe from exceeding structural limits
PILOT INPUTS
RIGHT WING
AUTOPILOT INPUTS
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Electric motors, Solenoids Power on Demand Electrical power variations under normal and all emergency conditions (MIL-STD-704)
Hydraulic System
Nacelle / Engine
Pad speed as a function of flight regime idle to take-off
Avionics
Signals from pressure, temperature, fluid quantity sensors Signal to solenoids, electric motors
Landing Gear
Flow under normal and all emergency conditions retract / extend / steer
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1,000,000
MTOW - lb
WIDEBODY
SINGLE-AISLE
100,000
LARGE BIZ / REGIONAL JETS MID / SUPER MID-SIZE BIZ JETS / COMMUTER TURBO-PROPS
10,000
1,000
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Ce
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Mid-Size Jet
Safety / Redundancy
Engine-out take-off: One EDP has sufficient power to retract gear All Power-out: Manual flight controls; LG extends by gravity with electric pump assist; emergency flap extends by electric pump; Emergency brake energy stored in accumulator for safe stopping
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MTOW: 39,500 lb Flight Controls: Hydraulic with manual reversion exc. Rudder, which is Fly-by-Wire (FBW) Key Features Two independent systems Bi-directional PTU to transfer power between systems without transferring fluid Electrically powered hydraulic power-pack for Emergency Rudder System (ERS)
REF.: EATON C5-38A 04/2003 Safety / Redundancy All primary flight controls 2-channel; rudder has additional backup powerpack; others manual reversion Engine-out take-off: PTU transfers power from system #1 to #2 to retract LG Rotorburst: Emergency Rudder System is located outside burst area All Power-out: ERS runs off battery; others manual; LG extends by gravity
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Single-Aisle
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Wide Body
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Wide Body
MTOW: 1,250,000 lb Flight Controls: FBW (2H + 1E channel) Key Features / Redundancies Two independent hydraulic systems + one electric system (backup) Primary hydraulic power supplied by 4 EDPs per system All primary flight controls have 3 channels 2 hydraulic + 1 electric 4 engines provide sufficient redundancy for engine-out cases
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Conclusions
Aircraft hydraulic systems are designed for high levels of safety using multiple levels of redundancy Fly-by-wire systems require higher levels of redundancy than manual systems to maintain same levels of safety System complexity increases with aircraft weight
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Suggested References
Federal Aviation Regulations
FAR Part 25: Airworthiness Standards for Transport Category Airplanes FAR Part 23: Airworthiness Standards for Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes FAR Part 21: Certification Procedures For Products And Parts AC 25.1309-1A System Design and Analysis Advisory Circular, 1998
Text
Moir & Seabridge: Aircraft Systems Mechanical, Electrical and Avionics Subsystems Integration 3rd Edition, Wiley 2008
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