WIMAX

1 2006 WiMAX.
ppt
WIMAX Introduction

2 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Full Mobility Of Data & Voice
3G Evolution (WCDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA,
3.9G)

Mobile Data
Internet-HSPA
WiMAX e-version
Fixed Data
DSL
WLAN
Fixed
Fully
Mobile
What is on Demand
3 2006 WiMAX.ppt
GSM
WCDMA
CDMA
Broadband Wireless technology candidates
05 06 07 08 09 10
Flarion Flash-OFDM
Wimax (802.16e-2005)
NxEV-DO
3.9 G
HSPA
EV-DO rev. A, Rev B
I-HSPA
UMTS-TDD
WLAN (unlicensed)
EDGE Evolution
Wimax (802.16d-2004)
4 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Competing technologies
I-HSPA, HSDPA
WiMAX
802.16e
Flash-OFDM UMTS-TDD CDMA 1xEV-DO
Channel bandwidth 5 MHz 1.75 - 20 MHz 1.25 MHz 1.25 - 20 MHz 1.25 MHz
Mobility global, high-speed up to 120 km/h >200 km/h >120 km/h global, high-speed
Average downlink user data rate 1 - 2 Mbit/s 6 Mbit/s (1/3 UL/DL) 1 - 1.5 Mbit/s 1-2 Mbit/s (@5MHz) 500 kbit/s
Average uplink user data rate 384 kbit/s 2 Mbit/s (1/3 UL/DL) 300 - 500 kbit/s 384 kbit/s (@5MHz) 150 kbit/s
Typical cell radius 2 - 10 km 1 - 5 km 5 - 10* km 2 - 20* km 2 - 20* km
TCP roundtrip time 100 ms 20 - 50 ms 35 ms 70 - 110 ms 300 ms
VoIP support yes yes yes yes
yes
Source: Strategy Analytics, Nokia evaluation * at 450 MHz
5 2006 WiMAX.ppt
3G, I-HSPA and Wimax positioning
Optimal voice +
high quality mobile data
Cheap flat rate
access to Internet
Do you have
unused UTMS capacity
for data use ?
I-HSPA
Combined CS+
HSPA carriers
Wimax
yes
no
Value proposition Spectrum Technology
6 2006 WiMAX.ppt
WLAN and Wimax positioning
WLAN will continue to exist and evolve
Indoor and campus environments will need WLAN also
in future
Wimax is the natural range extension to and backhaul
for WLAN (from hot spot to metro coverage)
Session continuity will be needed (Wimax <> WLAN)
Consumers
will use Wimax outdoors and WLAN indoors (with DSL
or Wimax backhaul)
Enterprizes
are pushing voice costs down now (leads to VoWLAN
at office/home)
will push data costs next
focus on service dependability
are buying WLAN as a service (not as technology) >
Wimax providers may exploit that opportunity
7 2006 WiMAX.ppt
1. Cellular Backhaul
Robust bandwidth of
802.16a - excellent choice
for backhaul
1. Broadband On-Demand
Last-mile broadband
wireless access
2. Residential Broadband
Filling the gaps in cable
and DSL coverage
3. Underserved Areas
Natural choice for
underserved rural areas
w/low population density
4. Best Connected Wireless
Service
802.16e extension of
802.16a introduces
portable capabilities
IEEE 802.16/WiMAX Services/Examples
8 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Wimax deployment options in the same cell
5 km 10 km
Urban, indoor, mobile device
Rural, outdoor, fixed antenna CPE
Suburban, indoor, self-install CPE
CPE (Customer Premises Equipment) according the coverage
restrictions

9 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Opportunity Demand Drivers
Wimax Device Availability
Wimax Devices Adoption
As Wimax enabled devices proliferate, adoption will grow along the same trajectory as
WLAN adoption
10 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Nokia terminals for Wimax
Wimax will be one of the key, future
radio technologies

Wimax radios will eventually become
a competitive requirement for selected
terminals in all categories

Development is ongoing to create the
Wimax base technology for use in
Nokia terminals from 2008

Nokia 770 Internet Tablet is used as
the carrier platform for Wimax
technology development
11 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Wimax radio summary
Based on OFDMA
Bandwidth divided into several sub carriers (tones)
Sub channel= set of sub carriers
Adaptive Modulation: QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM

Different deployment options bring flexibility
Feature Deployment options
Used spectrum 2.3, 2.5, 3.3, 3.5, etc. GHz
Bandwidth 1.25 20 MHz
Duplex TDD or FDD
Sub channel/frequency reuse 1/3, 1/4 , 1 (PUSC/FUSC)
12 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Wimax Spectrum Allocation Region wise
Wimax spectrum will be allocated to operators by
national regulator
Preliminary Wimax Forum Certification Profiles focus on
licensed 2.5 & 3.5GHz bands
3G extension main target for 2.5 GHz band in Europe,
10Mhz guard band on both side of a 50 MHz band.
2
3
0
5

2
3
2
0

M
H
z

2
3
4
5

2
3
6
0

M
H
z

3
3
0
0

3
4
0
0

M
H
z

Class 4
3.3 GHz
2
4
9
6

2
6
9
0

M
H
z

3
4
0
0

3
6
0
0

M
H
z

(
l
o
w
e
r
)

Band class 5
3.5 GHz
Supported in Nokia Release 1
Future Candidate
Region
Main frequency
bands planned
Europe 2.5, 3.5 GHz
North America 2.5 GHz
Latin America 2.5, 3.5 GHz
China 3.5 GHz
India 3.3 GHz
Korea 2.3-2.4 GHz
Africa, Middle East 2.5, 3.5 GHz
APAC 2.5, 3.5 GHz
Class 1: 2.3-2.4 GHz
Class 2: 2.305-2.320, 2.345-2.360
GHz
2
4
0
0

2
4
8
3
.
5

M
H
z

WiFi 2.4 GHz
Band class 3
2.5 GHz
3
6
0
0

3
8
0
0

M
H
z

(
u
p
p
e
r
)

13 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Wimax, 3G and HSPA
FEATURES AND
TECHNIQUES
Wimax 3G HSPA
Frequency reuse 1/3, 1/4 , 1, fractional 1 1
Mobile antenna Omni or directional Omni Omni
Channel impairment Sensitive to doppler Sensitive to multipath Sensitive to multipath
Base station antenna Directional, array Directional Directional
Main radio KPI SINR EcNo SINR (EcNo)
Dominant Traffic Data Voice Data
Handover Scheme HHO SHO HHO (HSDPA)
SHO (HSUPA)
Own-cell Interference Adjacent subcarriers at
high doppler
Other codes in the cell,
non-orthogonality
issues
Other codes in the cell,
non-orthogonality
issues
Capacity Expansion Increasing the OFDMA
bandwidth
More frequencies using
Inter-frequency
Handover
More frequencies
14 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Wimax Physical Layer Tools for Efficiency and
Flexibility
Wimax has all the tools for providing efficient air interface
Downlink multiplexing OFDMA
Wimax
CDMA
HSPA
Uplink multiplexing OFDMA CDMA
Modulation
QPSK, 16QAM,
64QAM
QPSK, 16QAM
Coding Turbo Turbo
Frequency scheduling Yes -
MIMO Yes Expected R7
HARQ Yes Yes
Scalable bandwidth 1.25 20 MHz No, 5 MHz
Frequency reuse Yes -
15 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Wimax Peak Raw Data Rates
Wimax peak raw bit rate is
>60 Mbps with 10 MHz bandwidth MIMO
>30 Mbps with 10 MHz bandwidth SIMO
Assumptions for the table below
10 MHz bandwith
OFDM symbol guard period 1/8 (minimum would be 1/32)
QPSK-1/2 7.1 Mbps
QPSK-3/4 10.7 Mbps
16QAM-1/2 14.3 Mbps
16QAM-3/4 21.4 Mbps
64QAM-1/2 21.4 Mbps
64QAM-2/3 28.6 Mbps
64QAM-3/4 32.1 Mbps
Modulation-coding 10 MHz SIMO

14.2 Mbps
21.4 Mbps
18.6 Mbps
42.8 Mbps
42.8 Mbps
57.2 Mbps
64.2 Mbps
10 MHz MIMO

16 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Summary Radio Performance
Wimax
20 Mbps peak bit rate (1x10 MHz)
Fast state transition <100 ms
Spectral efficiency 0.3-1.0
bps/Hz/cell
Coverage <155 dB (TDD)
HSPA R6
Relatively long state
transition >300 ms
7.2-10 Mbps peak bit
rate (2x5 MHz)
Spectral efficiency 0.3-1.0
bps/Hz/cell
Coverage >160 dB
State transition
Peak bit rate
Capacity
Coverage
Low latency <50 ms Low latency <50 ms Latency
Wimax spectral efficiency expected to be similar to HSPA when all features
implemented in both systems.
17 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Wimax Radio Network Planning Challenges
Tight Frequency Reuse for smaller bandwidths
Control channel coverage?
Operators with spectrum of less than 15 MHz faces the tradeoff between capacity and
radio quality
The reuse of 1/3/3 cannot guarantee a high bitrate at the cell edge for one
subchannel
Radio planning based on SINR criteria
Mobile Wimax needs higher SINRs at cell edge to facilitate handovers
Low SINRs in some areas can affect site capacity dramatically (similar to EcNo in 3G)
Multipath Conditions
Wimax capacity degrades gracefully with increasing multipath (as compared to 3G)
OFDMA Guard-time can be tuned/adjusted accordingly

18 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Wimax standards
802.16e standard is flexible and has many implementation options
System profiles defines set of mandatory and optional features selected from the
options set by the standard
WiMAX Forum
19 2006 WiMAX.ppt
802.16e-Mobile Wimax
802.16e is a significant departure from current fixed BWA that does not offer any mobility. 802.16e is
suppose to provide service for mobile environment. 802.16e enhances the OFDMA2048 by using scalability
option to support mobility
802.16e BS
802.16e MSS
802.16e MSS
Internet
20 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Radio Network Architecture and Functions
HSPA
i-HSPA
Wimax
BTS
BTS
BTS+adapter
RNC
ASNGW
Mobility
Mobility
Mobility
Securit
y
Securit
y
Securit
y
IP
header
IP
header
IP
header
ARQ
ARQ
ASNGW = access service network gateway
BTS+adapter = HSPA BTS + i-HSPA adapter
a-GW = access gateway
Mobility = handover control
Security = encryption
ARQ = higher layer ARQ (L1 ARQ in
BTS)
IP header = IP header compression
CS+PS
Mobility
ARQ
L1 ARQ
21 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Main Network elements for Wimax
Subscriber Station (SS) , Mobile Subscriber Station (MSS), Customer Premises
Equipment (CPE), Terminal Equipment (TE)
Mobile terminals
Portable terminals
Fixed terminals
Base-Transceiver Station (BTS)
- Access Service Network Gateway (ASN-GW)
- Routing the user plane traffic
- Mobility procedures between BTSs
- Paging for the subscribers MSSs
- Performs charging function
- Connectivity Service Network Home Agent (CSN HA)
- Mobile IPv4 Home Agent is the user plane element in the CSN network that interfaces the
Wimax network to other IP networks and services
- Manages the hand-overs or relocations between the ASN-GWs
- Connectivity Service Network Policy & Control Function (CSN AAA)
- Wimax authentication, authorization and charging functionalities at the core network level

22 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Fixed Wimax for DSL operators
Reference architecture
BRAS= Broadband Remote Access Server
23 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Mobile Wimax for DSL operators
24 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Mobile Wimax for a 3GPP operator or for a new
operator

25 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Hierarchical mobility
Service Layer mobility for registering
current IP address (e.g. dynamic DNS)
and application level reach ability
CSN level global mobility for selecting
network, roaming, selecting dynamic
home agent from visited CSN or from
home CSN, location/user state
management
The Mobile IP (client, or proxy model)
for global user IP routing and Inter
ASN handover at IP layer (L3). This is
also named to R3, or macro mobility.

Intra ASN mobility based on ASN
Mobility Functions (data path, handoff
and context functions) at access
network layer (L3). This is also named
to R4, R6 and R8 mobility, or micro
mobility. ASN supports also MS Idle-
Mode mobility operations.
Radio Link layer mobility based on
IEEE 802.16e procedures at L1/L2.

Inter-technology handovers e.g. to
WiFi, 3GPP, 3GPP2, DSL

Micro Mobility
Macro Mobility
CSN Level Global Mobility
Service Layer
HA v
Dynamic
DNS
ASNGW
. . .
. . .
. . .
AAA
Server h
MS
ASNGW
Radio Link L 1
Access Link
L 2 / L 3
L 3
UE Global
IP PoA
MS Local
IP PoA
UE
Registration
UE Identifier /
Global IP
Address
IMS
R 4
R 8
FA FA NAS NAS
ASNGW
FA NAS
R 6
R 6
R 6
R 6 R 6
R 3 mip
HA h
R 1
R 3 aaa
R 2
BS
Cell
BS
Cell
BS
Cell
BS
Cell
BS
Cell
AAA
Server v
R 5
R 3 mip
R 3 mip
26 2006 WiMAX.ppt
IEEE 802.16e defines HOs:
Active mode
Sleep
Idle mode

Only hard HOs supported
Mobile Initiated handovers
Network initiated handovers
Short connectivity dropouts
during HOs: < 150ms when
staying within subnet and
maintaining IP address
(Intra ASN HO).

Doppler effect can cause
problems for fast moving
terminals

Micro Mobility
Macro Mobility
CSN Level Global Mobility
Service Layer
HA v
Dynamic
DNS
ASNGW
. . .
. . .
. . .
AAA
Server h
MS
ASNGW
Radio Link L 1
Access Link
L 2 / L 3
L 3
UE Global
IP PoA
MS Local
IP PoA
UE
Registration
UE Identifier /
Global IP
Address
IMS
R 4
R 8
FA FA NAS NAS
ASNGW
FA NAS
R 6
R 6
R 6
R 6 R 6
R 3 mip
HA h
R 1
R 3 aaa
R 2
BS
Cell
BS
Cell
BS
Cell
BS
Cell
BS
Cell
AAA
Server v
R 5
R 3 mip
R 3 mip
Mobility handling in radio network
27 2006 WiMAX.ppt
QoS in WiMAX Forum Profile Release 1
28 2006 WiMAX.ppt
IEEE 802.16e OFDMA PHY
OFDM Technology
OFDMA Advantage
IEEE 802.16 OFDMA PHY

29 2006 WiMAX.ppt
OFDM Technology
OFDM stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
The concept is similar to FDMA where a transmitter is capable of transmitting
simultaneous narrow band signals (tones)
The narrowband signals are advantageous in a multipath environment due to smaller
bandwidth
More resistant to frequency selective fading
Longer coherence time
Less expensive equalization
Assigning of specific tones to individual or group of receivers leads to a multiple
access scheme (OFDMA)
OFDM is more efficient in packing the tones
The narrowband signals overlap each other (densely packed)
The generation of the tones are done in a controlled manner in order to maintain
orthogonality between them even if overlaps are allowed
This is possible by using digital techniques (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform or IFFT)
30 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Power and Bandwidth of OFDM
Power
frequency
bandwidth
The tones are
densely packed in a
controlled manner
The throughput is the sum of the data rates of
each individual (or used) tones while the power
is distributed to all used tones
31 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Dense Packing of Subcarriers
Nulls resulting to no
interference between
subcarriers
No guardband is needed as subcarriers
overlap each other with Sync Function
power spectrum
DC 1 -1 2 3 4 -2 -3 -4 subcarrier index
32 2006 WiMAX.ppt
OFDMA Symbol
symbol period
f
t
A symbol is composed of
many tones or subcarriers
33 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Orthogonality in OFDM
Orthogonality is measured over a symbol period
The sum of all the subcarrier signals integrated over one symbol period is zero.
Any two subcarriers are orthogonal
Integrating any two sinusoidal functions with frequencies being integer multiple of the
sampling rate results to zero
Orthogonality is maintained if both signals are synchronized
Orthogonality in the frequency domain
The power spectrum of a modulated sinusoidal is a sync function
The sync function decays in the frequency domain
The sync function has nulls
The nulls falls into the centre frequency of the adjacent subcarriers
The sidelobes of all adjacent subcarriers cancel each other
Orthogonality is maintained if the subcarriers have no frequency errors
34 2006 WiMAX.ppt
OFDM and Multipath
Changes in the Amplitude of the Tone
Multipath add or subtract in the time domain
Phase distortion results
Long multipath delays causes inter-symbol interference (ISI)
The solution for phase distortion is guard-time
The guard-time is long enough to capture all the multipath components before symbol
reception starts
After the guard-time, the phase is almost stable
Cyclic Prefix (CP)
a technique used in OFDM to copy the remaining symbol shape for a duration of
guard-time and attach in front of the symbol
This part of the symbol (partial replica) provides estimation of the phase during the
multipath vulnerable period
35 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Cyclic Prefix (CP) and Guard Time
copy
CP
useful symbol time
t
Phase distortion
due to multipath
phase shifted due to multipath
|
true phase
Multipath signals
t
total symbol time
Note: CP is the overhead resulting in symbol rate reduction
Guard Time
36 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Multipath in OFDM
Multipath delay profile is characterized in two ways:
Longest multipath component (time)
Amplitude of the multipath components (multipath strength)
In CDMA, it is the strength of the multipath, while in OFDM, it is the duration
CDMA multipath strength impacts directly the code orthogonality
In OFDM, the phase distortion needs to settle within the CP time
Multipath components increase with distance from BTS
Bitrates expected to decrease with distance (even at high RSSI)
The SNR also decreases with pathloss
Noise Floor is around -102 while the SNR is 10 to 30 dB. RSSI of -80 dBm is
necessary for decent bitrates at 20 dB SNR provided the multipath is acceptable with
the CP time setting
37 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Doppler in OFDM
Doppler causes loss of orthogonality
The frequency domain sync functions are shifted causing inter-carrier interference
(ICI)
Symbols are distorted in the time domain
frequency shifts makes symbol detection inaccurate
ICI can be reduced by having partial usage of the channels in non-contiguous fashion
Frequency shift in the subcarriers limits the SNR values
The nulls of interferers and peaks of signals will not coincide
Doppler is only significant at very high speeds
Motivation to have 1024 FFT points instead of 128 or 512
Doppler is not a problem in BWA (stationary users)

38 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Doppler and Loss of Orthogonality
ICI in the absence
of orthogonality
High doppler will result to more difficulties in supporting high data
rates. This will impact the bitrates of mobile users. Doppler only
impacts SINRs at the higher range i.e. > 20dB
39 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
The transmitted power is the sum of the powers of all the subcarriers
Due to large number of subcarrier, the peak to average power ratio (PAPR) tends to
have a large range
Requires a large power margin at the transmitter (especially BTS)
Shrinks the link budget
Large power backoff needed at the transmitters amplifier
Results of Nonlinearities
Harmonics
The 2
nd
, 3
rd
, harmonics affects the higher frequencies bands
Multiple of the carrier frequency
InterModulation Distortion (IMD)
OFDM subcarriers can suffer from IMD
Can significantly limit the SNRs
Requires tight specifications at the transmitter (e.g. constellation accuracy)
40 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Illustration of Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
very high peaks
Power
subcarrier 1
subcarrier 2
subcarrier 3
subcarrier k
Total power
rms power
Peak power
Amplifier backoff factor
41 2006 WiMAX.ppt
OFDM Subcarrier Management
DC (center) subcarrier NULL subcarrier (or no transmission)
Data subcarriers used for data transmission
Pilots used for link management (i.e. channel estimation, sync, etc)
Guard subcarriers (NULL) for providing guardband
DC pilots data
Guard (no power)
42 2006 WiMAX.ppt
OFDMA over OFDM
OFDM is deficient in a multiple access environment
Multiple access is limited to TDMA (time-based scheduling)
This means only one user is allowed to transmit in one time
Capacity allocation granularity is poor limited to slot, frame or symbol duration
Potential to waste capacity due to signaling delay per allocation
Not ideal for real-time applications
OFDMA improvements:
Capacity can be allocated both in the time and frequency (subcarrier) domains
Time granularity is in symbols
Subcarriers can be dynamically allocated for signaling or traffic
Possible to allocated dedicated small capacity to real-time users (e.g. VoIP)
Lower latency for capacity allocation (ideal for interactive application)
43 2006 WiMAX.ppt
OFDM vs. OFDMA
OFDM
OFDMA
Better capacity allocation
using tiling method
Limited to time scheduling
t
f
capacity allocated for user k
capacity allocated for user k
44 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Resource Sharing Issues
OFDM scheduling uses TDMA fashion
One user at a time (although it can be increased with subchannelization)
Not very efficient for real-time application like VoIP due to latency in the uplink
OFDMA may use OFDM allocation scheme
Simple to implement (one user at a time)
Less synchronisation problem at the BTS for uplink
Supporting too many simultaneous active connections has bad impact on MAP size
Every connection eats up a certain MAP overhead for bandwidth allocation
If the round trip time (RTT) is quite low, OFDM scheduling works fine for VoIP

45 2006 WiMAX.ppt
IEEE 802.16 Protocol Stack
OFDMA is the
preferred PHY
46 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Overview of the IEEE 802.16 OFDMA PHY
Supports TDD and FDD Duplexing
Scalability supports various FFT sizes and Bandwidths
Link adaptation and multiple modulation and coding schemes (MCS)
ARQ schemes (including H-ARQ)
Handover and Power Control
Different Permutations subcarrier to subchannel formation rules
Subchannelization for improved uplink coverage and capacity management
Repetition Coding for improved processing gains
47 2006 WiMAX.ppt
OFDMA Primitive Parameters (8.4.2.3)
BW - nominal channel bandwidth
Nused - number of used subcarriers (which includes the DC subcarrier)
n - Sampling factor which determines the subcarrier spacing, and the useful
symbol time
For channel bandwidths that are a multiple of any of 1.25, 1.5, 2 or 2.75 MHz,
n = 28/25
For channel bandwidths that are a multiple of 1.75 MHz or not otherwise specified,
n = 8/7
G - This is the ratio of cyclic prefic (CP) time to useful time. The following values
shall be supported: 1/32, 1/16,1/8 (preferred option), and 1/4.
48 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Preferred Bandwidths
The preferred bandwidth for Release-1 (Nokia) are:
5 MHz NFFT=512
7 MHz NFFT=1024
10 MHz NFFT=1024
For scalable OFDMA, the preferred bandwidths are:
5 MHz NFFT=512
10 MHz NFFT=1024
20 MHz NFFT=2048 (not yet)
Most of the derived parameters for Scalable OFDMA will be the same for all
bandwidths. This will lead to better handover between different bandwidths.
49 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Derived Parameters (8.4.2.4)
NFFT : Smallest power of two greater than Nused
Sampling Frequency: Fs = floor(nBW 8000) 8000
Subcarrier spacing: f =Fs NFFT
Useful symbol time: Tb = 1 f
CP Time: Tg = G x Tb
OFDMA Symbol Time: Ts = Tb + Tg
Sampling time: Tb NFFT
OFDMA Derived Parameters from Specifications
Bandwidth [MHz] 1.25 5 7 10 20
NFFT 128 512 1024 1024 2048
Sampling Frequency [MHz] 1.40 5.60 8.00 11.20 22.40
Subcarrier Spacing [kHz] 10.9375 10.9375 7.8125 10.9375 10.9375
Useful Symbol Time [us] 91.42857143 91.428571 128 91.42857 91.42857
CP Time [us] 11.42857143 11.428571 16 11.42857 11.42857
OFDMA Symbol Time [us] 102.8571429 102.85714 144 102.8571 102.8571
Sampling Time, us 0.714285714 0.1785714 0.125 0.089286 0.044643
Rate, symbols/sec 700000 3500000 5000000 7000000 14000000
WiMAX forum profile 1
50 2006 WiMAX.ppt
WiMAX RRM Features and
Interference Management
Adaptive Modulation and Coding Scheme
Subchannelization
Repetition Coding
Power Control
Directional Antenna
51 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (MCS)
maximizes channel capacity
Bit/symbol ranges from 1 to 4.5
SNR ranges from ~4 to ~30
Provides better granularity in the SNR to
data rate matching
Relies on channel quality measurements

Modulation Coding Rate SNR
QPSK 5
QPSK 8
16-QAM 10.5
16-QAM 14
64-QAM 16
64-QAM 2/3 18
64-QAM 20
Receiver SNR Example

MCS
QPSK
1/2
QPSK
3/4
16QAM
1/2
16QAM
3/4
64QAM
1/2
64QAM
2/3
64QAM
3/4
Modulation
bits per tone
2 2 4 4 6 6 6
Coding rate 0.5 0.75 0.5 0.75 .5 0.67 0.75
bits/tone 1 1.5 2 3 3 4 4.5
52 2006 WiMAX.ppt
MCS Example for PUSC 1/3/3
Site radius: 0.5 km
Shadowing: 7.5 dB
BTS power = 36 dBm (45-backoff)
Propagation = UMTS
minPathLoss = 80 dB
BTS height = 32 m, downtilt=12 degrees
CPE height = 1.5m
BTS antenna gain = 18 dBi (65deg 3Gant)
CPE antenna = omni (0dBi)
Thermal noise = -109 dBm
DL Noise Floor = 7 dB
Fast Fading: OFF
Frequency = 3.5 GHz
PUSC 1/3/3 (3-sector sites)
Channel: Pedestrian B, dual antenna
MCS probability
relative to
distance from
site
53 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Subchannelization
In the uplink, the SS can boost the power per subcarrier by transmitting only to a
fewer number of subcarriers
Fewer subchannels are normally required in the uplink for transmission
The power gain when one subchannel is used ~ 10*log
10
(# subchannels)
The subchannelization gain roughly 9-12 dB for PUSC
The net gain decreases with bitrate as more subchannels are required
Subchannelized
power
Power if all
subcarriers used
54 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Repetition Coding
Due to the tight frequency reuse in WiMAX, SNR values below the lowest MCS
threshold may occur (i.e SNR outage)
Instead of supporting an additional modulation scheme like BPSK, coding
repetition is used.
Repetition can increase the SNR by a gain = 10*log10(R), R=1,2,4,6
This is equivalent to the Processing Gain in CDMA systems
Typically used when the SNR for the lowest MCS (QPSK ) to operate in the
received CINR values near or below 0 dB (effective coding rate = 1/12 for R=6)
This is also useful for FUSC reuse=1 (downlink) as more areas are experiencing from
low SNRs
55 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Example: FUSC with Reuse=1/3/1
Effective coding
rate = 1/12
56 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Power Control
In cellular radio networks, Power Control is essential in the uplink
Near-far problem each SS operates with its own target SNR
Interference Control PC controls interference by allowing SS to transmit only the
required power to meet the target SNR, excessive SNR has not benefit but rather
causes interference to neighboring cells
PC also minimizes battery consumption
Types:
Closed Loop (mandatory) - 0.25dB steps, max 30/s
Open Loop (optional) this advantageous in network with tight frequency reuse to
minimize interference (as seen in 3G)
Downlink Power Control is less stringent but necessary to have a stable SNR due
to fluctuations as a result from other-cell interference
Power Control relies on CINR measurements (on the feedback channel)
58 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Closed Loop PC Dynamics - Example
MCS1
R=2
MCS1
R=2
MCS1
R=1
MCS2
R=1
power
PC interval
accumulated power
corrections during
the PC interval
accumulated power
corrections +
Repetition change
accumulated power
corrections + MCS
change
60 2006 WiMAX.ppt
OFDMA Guardband and Pilots Subcarriers
Guard Subcarriers are used for spurious emission protection
18 percent of the subcarriers are allocated for the guardbands (left and right)
In downlink, 2 out of 14 subcarriers are assigned to pilots
In uplink, 1 in every 3 subcarriers is a pilot
In the downlink, the data subcarriers is roughly 70 percent (30 percent overhead)
61 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Other Features
WiMAX supports a number of capacity enhancing techniques:
MIMO multiple transmit and receive antennas achieve higher capacities
Array Antenna with beamforming shall lower the interfence via spotting of the users.
Challenge is the high complexity RRM and tracking algorithm robustness. FFS
Coding
H-ARQ
Turbo Coding
Convolutional Coding
Receiver
MRC for receiver diversity (1tx/2rx)
Interference Cancellation Methods
Diversity
AMC Channels adaptive modulation and coding for higher efficiency
Diversity Channels and Permutations
62 2006 WiMAX.ppt
WiMAX Radio Planning WiMAX
Link Budget
BTS Configuration
CPE Parameters
OFDM Parameters and Metrics
Propagation and Fading
Link budget example
63 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Link Budget Objectives
WiMAX is perceived as a last mile solution for broadband services
There is a strong drive to support large cells
Fewer site counts cost motivated (pushing the link budget to the last few meters)
Requirements:
Uplink cell edge required throughput depends on the cell edge uplink SINR
Downlink cell edge required throughput depends on the cell edge downlink SINR
Uplink average cell capacity depends in the overall cell uplink SINR
Downlink average cell capacity depends on the overall cell downlink SINR
Uplink/Downlink outage probability based on the minimum SINR requirements of
the required uplink/downlink data rates
Facts:
The lower SS transmit power in the uplink is compensated by the subchannelization
gain which is dependent on the uplink bitrate requirement
The link budget is not always uplink limited
Cell range depends heavily on the propagation characteristics
64 2006 WiMAX.ppt
WiMAX Radio Link (Downlink Example)
BTS
SS or CPE
Antenna
Txp
EIRP
Gant(BTS)
pathloss
Rx sensitivity
SINR or SNR
Noise
Diversity Gain
Gant(SS)
65 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Link Budget (Uplink)
SINR is simply (Txp-NoiseFloor) + Gains - Losses
66 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Link Budget Items (User Side)
SS Transmit Power
Average Value = Peak Backoff
Typical value = 23 dBm
SS Antenna Gain
Directional Antenna (Gain > 5 dBi)
Omni Antenna (0 dBi)
High-gain SS antenna can suffer from pointing loss
The incident angle of the strongest signal is not always towards the boresight of the SS
antenna
The higher the antenna directivity, the higher is the pointing loss
This is also called Gain Reduction Factor or GRF expressed in dB
GRF is new (not used in 3G as UEs are all using omni antenna)
If GRF>0, the SS antenna gain is simply: dBi value - GRF
67 2006 WiMAX.ppt
SS Antenna Gain Reduction Factor (Pointing Loss)
Expected gain
reduction
No gain
reduction omni
68 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Link Budget Items (BTS Side)
BTS Antenna Gain
65-deg antenna typically 18 dBi gain
Antenna Pointing Loss is possible due to narrow vertical gain
Downtilting affects coverage
Signal reflections always happen
Feeder, Cable, Combiner, Filter Loss
Total value is typically 0.5 dB as RF Head solution is used
Typical cable loss ~0.05-0.1 dB/meter (very short in WiMAX)
BTS Receiver Noise and Noise Figure
Thermal noise and noise figure depends on effective bandwidth
Lower noise for PUSC (e.g. smaller bandwidth)
Receiver Diversity Gains (MRC, MIMO, etc)
FFS, estimated value 4-5 dB for MRC
69 2006 WiMAX.ppt
BTS Antenna Pointing Loss
BTS
Note: 1 dB BTS Antenna pointing Loss is quite normal
70 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Impact of Over-Downtilting
high pointing loss due to
vertical beamwidth
71 2006 WiMAX.ppt
BTS Noise Floor and Sensitivity
In the formula, BW is the effective bandwidth
Does not include the guard subcarriers
For PUSC 1/3, BW is only 1/3 of the bandwidth of FUSC (4.7 dB less)
The Noise Figure for the BTS is 4 dB (default)
This value is close to that of 3G
NoiseFloor for 10MHz is ~ -100 dBm
NoiseFloor = -174 + 10*log10(BW) + NoiseFigure

EffectiveBandwidth, BW = bandwidth x samplingFactor x Nused / NFFT
carrier BW [MHz] subcarriers used FFT n BW used FUSC [MHz]
1.25 85 128 1.12 0.93
5 421 512 1.12 4.60
7 841 1024 1.14 6.57
10 841 1024 1.12 9.20
20 1681 2048 1.12 18.39
72 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Receiver Sensitivity
The receiver sensitivity can then be established based on the minimum BW and
minimum SNR requirement
Minimum spectrum is typically1.25 MHz or 5/3 for PUSC at 5 MHz
The minimum SNR requirement is based on QPSK with repetition of 6
Minimum SNR for QPSK = 3.5 dB for AWGN channel
Repetition Gain (R=6) = 7.8 dB
minSNRrequirement = 3.5-7.8 = -4.3 dB
MRC receiver gain ~ 5dB
Implementation_loss ~ 5dB
Example:
Sensitivity(10MHz) = -100 dBm

Sensitivity = NoiseFloor TotalReceiverGain + Implementation_loss + minSNRrequirement
73 2006 WiMAX.ppt
OFDMA Features
Permutation (for data subchannels)
Uplink PUSC only
Downlink PUSC and FUSC
Subchannelization Gain and Required Bitrate
The net subchannelization gain depends on how many subchannels are needed to
support the bitrate at cell-edge
The net subchannelization Gain is worse at lower SINRs
Repetition Coding Gain and Subchannelization Gain
Further reduction in the subchannelization gain due to repetition
With lower throughputs, more subchannels are required to support the cell-edge
bitrate
Symbols per frame (uplink and downlink)
TDD ratio further impacts the subchannel bitrate
FDD has fixed value based on the bandwidth and frame duration
74 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Subchannelization Gain
The maximum subchannelization gain is achieve when only one subchannel is used in the
uplink transmission
When the required bitrate at the cell edge is quite ambitious, sometimes more than one
subchannels are required:
SNR at cell-edge is lowest in the cell lower bitrate per subchannel
With low SS power, the link budget is often limited in the uplink, assumed as QPSK with
higher repetition rate
Formula:
Number of Subchannels Required: requiredBitrate/SubchannelBitrate
SubchannelBitrate = subchannelBitratePerSymbol x SymbolsPerFrame(TDD)
Number of PUSC subchannels = 1/3 x TotalSubchannels
(
(
(
=
Bitrate subchannel
trate requiredBi
s subchannel
n izationGai Subchannel
#
75 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Subchannelization Gain with Repetition Coding
The subchannel throughput decreases with higher repetitions (R = 1, 2, 4 or 6)
Higher repetitions are likely used together with the lower MCS
The gain is simply reduced by a factor R
The formula becomes:
(
(
(
=
Bitrate subchannel
R trate requiredBi
s subchannel
n izationGai Subchannel
*
#
76 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Number of Subchannels for Different NFFT Sizes
OFDMA Parameters from Specifications
Bandwidth, MHz 1.25 5 10 20
NFFT 128 512 1024 2048
Data Subcarriers 72 360 720 1440
Nused 85 421 841 1681
tone/subch (DL) 24 24 24 24
tone/subch (UL) 16 16 16 16
#subchannels, DL 3 15 30 60
#subchannels, UL 4 17 35 70
77 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Subchannelization Gain in dB
ZONE TYPE 32 kbps 64 kbps 128 kbps
R=1, PUSC 1/3 10.7 7.7 5.9
R=2, PUSC 1/3 7.7 5.9 2.9
R=4, PUSC 1/3 5.9 2.9 0.3
R=6, PUSC 1/3 3.7 1.1 N/A
Uplink Duty Cycle= 30 percent, BW =10 MHz with QPSK MCS, Major group per sector = 2
78 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Propagation and other Planning Factors
The BTS configuration and SS parameters together with OFDMA parameters will
result to an allowable hardware pathloss for a given SNR
Hardware Pathloss = EIRP Sensitivity
In the uplink, the sensitivity depends on a number of parameters like BW,
subchannelization gain, SNR, receiver gains and losses including the antenna
The next step is to calculate the cell range using a number of assumptions:
Propagation Model
Fading Margins
Interference Margin
Additional Losses due to environment (i.e. outdoor, indoor, in-car, etc)
Frequency Band
The main KPI is the coverage probability for a given cell range
SNR outage for the required bitrate or MCS
The outputs depends on the environment (urban, suburban, etc)
79 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Propagation Loss
cell range
Mean propagation loss
Fading and other losses
Hardware Pathloss
Fading margin
outage
Loss at minimum
distance, do
80 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Propagation Models
Propagation options:
Widely Used Models (no need for 3D building data, just clutter classes):
Okumura-Hata
UMTS
Walfisch-Ikegami
Erceg Empirical Model (suggested model for WiMAX)
Ray Tracing (need 3D building data, high calculation load)
2D Models
3D Models
Tuned Models based on standard planning tools
The decision which model to use depends on the requirements as well as on
available tools. Empirical models are typically defined for lower than WiMAX
frequencies. The models thus, shall be re-tuned in ideal case.

81 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Erceg Model for BWA Example
Data at 3.5GHz is available from the paper by Plextek
However, the data fixed the mobile height to 2.5m and the BTS height to 25m +-5m
variations
Need to accommodate the BTS height and mobile height in the model
Using =a-b*hb+c/hb=4.3 at hb=25m
a=3.63
b=.005
c=20
Correction factor for mobile height (hm in meters)
Ch = -10.7*log10(hm/2.5)
PL = A +10log10(d/do) + X ; do=73m
where
A = 10log10(4tdo/); A=80.59
82 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Erceg Model Example
83 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Shadowing
LogNormal Shadowing is widely used
The LogNormal shadowing is expressed
by a single parameter, standard deviation
Value is around 5 to 12 dB
WiMAX suburban recommended value is
7-9 dB
The actual shadowing margin is calculated
based on the coverage probability from the
standard normal distribution
Shadowing Margin = k * standardDeviation
84 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Other Planning Parameters
Body Loss
Mobile users (2-3 dB)
Fixed broadband users (0 dB)
Wall mounted SS (0 dB)
Car-Loss
6 dB
0 dB for external antenna
In-building penetration Loss
8-20 dB depending on building construction and size
8 dB for houses, 12 dB for small buildings and 20 dB for large buildings
Propagation inside the building is much worse than outdoor
Signal RSSI decays 1-2 dB per meter due to high scattering
To minimize impact of indoor loss, CPE can be located near the windows
85 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Indoor Propagation Example at 900 MHz
From: T.S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications, Principles and Practice
86 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Fast Fading Consideration
Some link budget incorporates fast fading depending on how the gains and
channel types are taken into consideration
In principle, the fast fading margin depends on the channel type and the type of
transmit-receive diversity used
Since it is very difficult to quantify the amount of fast fading margin for different
types of channels and diversity methods, the approach used in the WiMAX link
budget is using a SNR vs. MCS Table for various channel types
The receiver diversity gain is taken as a separate input
MCS SNR [dB] SNR [dB] SNR [dB] SNR [dB] SNR [dB] SNR [dB]
802.16-2005, single ant. AWGN single ant. Ped.B 3km/h single ant. Veh.A 30km/h single ant. Ped.B 3 km/h dual ant. Veh.A 30km/h dual ant.
QPSK 1/2 9.4 3.5 13 12 4.5 4.5
QPSK 3/4 11.2 6 18 18 9 8
16-QAM 1/2 16.4 9 17.5 18 8 9
16-QAM 3/4 18.2 12.5 25 23 16 16
64-QAM 2/3 22.7 17 27 32 18 18
64-QAM 3/4 24.4 18 28 34 22 19
87 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Interference Margin - Uplink
In areas with very low RSSI, the SNR
fluctuates mainly due to channel fading
The presence of interference exists if
the frequency reuse factor does not
provide frequency isolation
This is very common problem in CDMA
where the link budget must incorporate
a considerable interference margin (~4-
6 dB uplink noise rise)
In WiMAX, the problem also exist since
the interference can be quite strong due
to tight frequency reuse
WiMAX interference depends on load of
the adjacent cells and uplink SNR
targets
Value ~ 1-3 dB can be used (needs
further verification)
Full Load, macrocell 1/3/3
~2-3 dB (3x standard deviation)
88 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Link Budget Outputs
Receiver Sensitivity
provides an indication if the required sensitivity is within most available equipments
specifications
Can be checked with specifications
Achievable SNR (downlink)
This value can be used as a reference in network planning
Indicative of cell edge performance
Cell-edge Bitrate or MCS (downlink)
Useful for tendering purposes
Can be verified with simulations or a planning tool
Cell range
Needed in coverage-limited dimensioning
Sensitivity with planning inputs can be checked in the link budget tool
89 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Link Budget Example: Input parameters
Uplink Downlink
Transmitter
Transmit power (rms) [dBm] 23 36
Transmit power (rms) [W] 0.20 4.0
Cable, combiner, filter, body loss [dB] 2 2
Antenna gain [dBi] 0 18
Transmit diversity gain [dB] 0 0
Transmit EIRP [dBm] 21 52
Receiver
Carrier bandwidth [MHz] 10.00 10.00
Permutation PUSC PUSC
Major groups per sector (PUSC only) 2 2
Occupied bandwidth [MHz] 3.1 3.1
Thermal noise floor [dBm] -109 -109
Receiver noise figure [dB] 4 7
Receiver diversity gain (MRC) [dB] 5 5
Interference cancellation gain [dB] 0 0
Repetition coding [sending # times] 1 1
Channel model
Required SNR [dB] 4.5
Data rate per symbol [kbit/s] 3.24
Number of symbols used in UL 16
Required minimum UL data rate [kbit/s] 64
Subchannelization gain [dB] 7.7
Receiver sensitivity [dBm] -131 -107
Veh.A 30km/h dual ant.
Average power values (Peak-Backoff)
Not applicable for 1tx/2rx configuration
1x10 MHz BW
PUSC needed at cell edge for 1x10 MHz
FUSC applicable if using i.e. 3x5 or 4x7 MHz
refer to PL (depends on BTS configuration)
Used to adjust user bitrate vs. coverage
used in selecting SNR vs. MCS
UL bitrate requirement at cell edge
Values: 64,128, 256,
90 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Link Budget Example: Results
DL data rate at cell edge
Available SNR [dB] (no interference) 6.8
Modulation and coding scheme used QPSK 1/2
Number of data symbols used in DL 29
Maximum DL data rate at cell edge [kbit/s] 1410
Hardware path loss [dB] 152 152
Slow fading standard deviation 7
Coverage probability [%] 90 90
Coverage target Indoor Indoor
Fading margin due to shadowing [dB] 9.0 9.0
Interference margin [dB] 3 3
Frequency band [MHz] 3500 3500
Urban cell radius [km] 0.32 # 0.32
Suburban cell radius [km] 1.21 # 1.21
Rural (roof-mounted) cell radius [km] 7.24
Uplink Downlink
Maximum user bitrate at
cell edge if subchannels in
the sector is assigned
Main result in the link
budget. In UL, it is used to
calculate the cell range. In
the DL, it used to identify
corresponding bitrate
Radio planning part to evaluate the
cell range for different environments
and assumptions
Also advisable to
change pathloss
models to suit case
requirements
91 2006 WiMAX.ppt
WiMAX Capacity
WiMAX Capacity Equation
SINR Sensitivity
Factors Affecting Capacity
Capacity Evaluation Methods
Packet Scheduler

92 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Factors Affecting WiMAX Radio Capacity
Bandwidth and Duplexing
Transmitter-Receiver Diversity and Enhancements
MRC typical configuration is 1tx/2rx BTS and CPE receivers
MIMO most likely in the next generation of WiMAX (2tx/2rx)
H-ARQ part of early versions of CPEs
SNR distribution
Frequency Reuse and Sectorization
Channel
Site Radius
Permutation (PUSC or FUSC)
Scheduling Algorithm
Link Adaptation Performance
Overheads
93 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Methods to Evaluate Capacity
Methods
Dynamic Simulation
Example: Nokia dynamic simulator
Detailed OFDMA implementation and channel/receiver modeling
Scheduling and Link Adaptation Models included
SNR vs. MCS Mapping
RF Planning Tools can provide CINR distribution across the service area
With given channel type and receiver configuration, a CINR vs. MCS Table is used to
estimate the MCS distribution hence the capacity
Technique applicable in static simulations and rough capacity estimations
Capacity-related KPIs
Site Throughput (Mbps) seen from the application traffic perspective
Includes impact of packet scheduling, MAC overheads, link adaptation, etc
Preferred way of characterizing capacity
Spectral Efficiency (bit/Hz) seen from the PHY layer perspective
94 2006 WiMAX.ppt
OFDMA Raw Capacity Equation
ctor SamplingFa BW
NFFT
G SymbolTime
*
) 1 ( + =
TDDratio ymbol AveBitPerS
SymbolTime
riers DataSubcar
DL Capacity * *
#
, =
) on distributi SNR ( f ymbol AveBitPerS =
Typical Network with PUSC 1/3 is average of 3 bit/symbol (16QAM 3/4) giving a
capacity of:
Capacity ~ .7*10*3*.67 or 14 Mbps per site for 10MHz BW and 1:2 TDD ratio
Approximate Equation = 0.7*BW*AveBitPerSymbol
G=CP ratio
95 2006 WiMAX.ppt
SINR, Dominance and RSSI
SINR depends on RSSI and cell dominance
96 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Capacity Evaluation from Static Simulator
Matlab Static OFDMA Static Simulator is currently the tool used for capacity
evaluation (mainly for tendering purposes)
Models:
Hexagonal Grid network layout
AVI based on simulated SINRs vs MCS
Round-Robin Scheduling
Downlink Model Implemented mainly for capacity simulation
Fully loaded network and works well with PUSC
Propagation Models (UMTS, macro)
Outputs:
Capacity,
Packet Error Rate
Radio statistics (SINR, MCS, throughput)
97 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Capacity Example from MATLAB Static Simulator
- Inputs -
Simulation Parameters:
diversity = 'MRC';
Guard period (= cyclic prefix): 1/8
FFT Size: 1024
Bandwidth [Hz]: 10e6
reuse = 'REUSE_1_3_3';
Cell radius = 300;
BS antenna radiation pattern: 'ETR0402_65'
Pathloss model: = 'macro';
Log-Normal shadowing standard deviation [dB] = 7.5
Antenna height for MS [m] = 15
Antenna height for BS [m] = 30
Noise figure for MS [dB] = 7.0
Noise figure for BS [dB] = 4.0
Maximum Tx power for BS [W] = 4
Maximum Tx power for MS [W] =2.0
Uplink/downlink ratio: 0.667 (or 1:2)
Channel from Link Level Simulation
98 2006 WiMAX.ppt
SINR and MCS Distribution from Simulator (PUSC 1/3)
- Output -
99 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Static Simulator Results
Network Statistics for DL:
----------------------------------------------
Sector T-put = 4.866 [Mbit/s/sector]
Site T-put = 14.599 [Mbit/s/site]
Spectral Efficiency = 2.434 [bit/s/site/Hz]
PER = 2.687 [%]
Avg MCS = 5.768

User Statistics:
----------------------------------------------
Avg User T-put [Mbps] = 0.973
Med User T-put [Mbps] = 1.176
Max User T-put [Mbps] = 1.280
Min User T-put [Mbps] = 0.000
Scheduling fairness [%] = 70.000
100 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Capacity Calculation using SNR vs. MCS Mapping
The dimensioning tool has a capacity calculator using SNR-MCS Mapping
implemented
The main input in the SINR distribution binned from -5dB to 35dB. This can be
taken either from:
RF planning tool (e.g. NetAct Planner)
Static Simulator results, or
from any Interference Calculator
The output figures downlink capacity with minimum MAP overhead taken into
account (10%) with the TDD ratio as one of the input parameters
The MCS mapping are based on the SNR requirement from a selected channel

101 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Example: SINR values taken from the Static Simulator
MCS vs. SINR vs. Subchannel Throughput TABLE
MCS DIUC / MCS SNR [dB] DL Data rate / symbol [kbit/s]
1 QPSK 1/2, R=6 -3.28 0.81
1 QPSK 1/2, R=4 -1.50 1.22
1 QPSK 1/2, R=2 1.50 2.43
1 QPSK 1/2, R=1 4.50 4.86
2 QPSK 3/4 8.00 7.29
3 16-QAM 1/2 9.00 9.72
4 16-QAM 3/4 16.00 14.58
5 64-QAM 2/3 18.00 19.44
6 64-QAM 3/4 19.00 21.88
Simple SINR-MCS data
rate MAPPING
Other
Parameters
CAPACITY
102 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Results
SNR SNR % SNR, % SNR, % Subchannel Urban Suburban Rural
urban,0.9km suburban 1.5 km rural 2.1 km kbps/symbol Mbps Mbps Mbps
-5 0 0 0.0133 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-4 0 0 0.004 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-3 0 0 0.0147 0.81 0.00 0.00 0.01
-2 0 0 0.012 0.81 0.00 0.00 0.01
-1 0 0 0.0187 1.22 0.00 0.00 0.02
0 0.004 0.0053 0.0187 1.22 0.00 0.01 0.02
1 0.004 0.0053 0.0187 1.22 0.00 0.01 0.02
2 0.012 0.008 0.0267 2.43 0.03 0.02 0.06
3 0.0013 0.0147 0.02 2.43 0.00 0.03 0.04
4 0.0013 0.02 0.028 2.43 0.00 0.04 0.06
5 0.0067 0.0173 0.02 4.86 0.03 0.07 0.08
6 0.0067 0.02 0.0467 4.86 0.03 0.08 0.20
7 0.0027 0.0053 0.0187 4.86 0.01 0.02 0.08
8 0.02 0.012 0.0307 7.29 0.13 0.08 0.19
9 0.012 0.016 0.036 9.72 0.10 0.14 0.30
10 0.0133 0.0253 0.0507 9.72 0.11 0.21 0.43
11 0.02 0.02 0.036 9.72 0.17 0.17 0.30
12 0.024 0.048 0.0213 9.72 0.20 0.41 0.18
13 0.0133 0.032 0.028 9.72 0.11 0.27 0.24
14 0.024 0.0387 0.0133 9.72 0.20 0.33 0.11
15 0.0507 0.0373 0.0427 9.72 0.43 0.32 0.36
16 0.0333 0.04 0.0507 14.58 0.42 0.51 0.64
17 0.028 0.028 0.024 14.58 0.36 0.36 0.30
18 0.032 0.0427 0.0253 19.44 0.54 0.72 0.43
19 0.0293 0.032 0.016 21.88 0.56 0.61 0.30
20 0.056 0.032 0.024 21.88 1.07 0.61 0.46
21 0.0227 0.048 0.0467 21.88 0.43 0.91 0.89
22 0.036 0.0413 0.0213 21.88 0.69 0.79 0.41
23 0.0413 0.016 0.0107 21.88 0.79 0.30 0.20
24 0.0267 0.0387 0.0253 21.88 0.51 0.74 0.48
25 0.0347 0.0333 0.032 21.88 0.66 0.63 0.61
26 0.024 0.0267 0.016 21.88 0.46 0.51 0.30
27 0.02 0.0027 0.0093 21.88 0.38 0.05 0.18
28 0.0267 0.0213 0.008 21.88 0.51 0.41 0.15
29 0.0333 0.0133 0.0133 21.88 0.63 0.25 0.25
30 0.02 0.032 0.0053 21.88 0.38 0.61 0.10
31 0.0333 0.008 0.0133 21.88 0.63 0.15 0.25
32 0.0307 0.0093 0.016 21.88 0.58 0.18 0.30
33 0.0267 0.0293 0.008 21.88 0.51 0.56 0.15
34 0.0413 0.0147 0.0093 21.88 0.79 0.28 0.18
35 0.188 0.1653 0.1067 21.88 3.58 3.15 2.03
Downlink Throughput 16.03 14.51 11.35
Spectral Efficiency, Bit/Hz 2.4 2.2 1.7
Vehicular channel,
Dual Rx antenna
103 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Results Comparison (Downlink)
Site Radius, km 0.9 1.5 2.1
Simulator Capacity with 10% MAC
overhead, Mbps
14.6 12.9 9.8
Simulator Capacity w/o MAC overhead 16.2 14.3 10.9
Calculator Result w/o MAC Overhead 16.0 14.5 11.3
Difference, Mbps -0.2 0.2 0.4
TDD Ratio = 1:2
104 2006 WiMAX.ppt
More on SNR Distribution
Most of the factors affecting capacity are beyond the planners control
Link Adaptation Performance, Packet Scheduler Efficiency and Overheads are mostly
assumed to a fixed value
Bandwidth and transmit-receive configurations are pretty much set by PL
The variable factors affecting SNR distribution are:
Channel type
Frequency Reuse and Sectorization
Site Radius
105 2006 WiMAX.ppt
SNR vs. Cell Range
For a given channel and transmit-
receive configuration, there is a
threshold for SINR
The threshold is the minimum SINR to
support the lowest MCS
SINR is limited due to:
Interference
Cell range (low RSSI)
Note: The figure shows that larger sites have smaller capacities
apart from having higher outage probabilities
106 2006 WiMAX.ppt
SNR Outage under Shadowing
WiMAX cell reselection and camping
depends on SINR of the cells
High shadowing impacts the SINR near
the cell edge
Affects link budget
Affects the overall SINR distribution of the
cell, affecting capacity
SINR Threshold is 6.4 dB,
BTS distance is 1.5km
107 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Simulation Case: SINR Properties of Reuse 1/3
Site radius: 0.5 km
Shadowing: 7.5 dB
BTS power = 36 dBm (45-backoff)
Propagation = UMTS
minPathLoss = 80 dB
BTS height = 32 m
CPE height = 1.5m
BTS antenna gain = 18 dBi (65deg 3Gant)
CPE antenna = omni (0dBi)
PUSC 1/3
Thermal noise = -109 dBm
DL Noise Floor = 7 dB
Fast Fading: OFF
Frequency = 3.5 GHz
PUSC 1/3/3 (3-sector sites)

Site configuration:
3-sector
Cable loss = 0dB
Receiver diversity gain = 0dB
Cell camping criteria:
Best SINR
108 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Simulation Layout
Statistics at
middle cells:
3000 samples
in 189 sectors
109 2006 WiMAX.ppt
How the cell size impacts SINR
RSSI dictates SINR at cell edge
Interference in WiMAX depends on
the pathloss between the serving
cell and the interferers of the first
tier co-channel cells
Only one or two strong interferers
most of the time
Shadowing adds to the problem
For larger cells, the interference
can be potentially high due to
smaller pathloss slope
Pathloss slope decreases with distance
Distance, m
P
a
t
h
l
o
s
s
,

d
B

110 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Zero-Shadowing SINR
For small cells, the interference I is
much greater than the noise floor N
SINR can be improved by reducing I
Example:
0.5km site radius
Zero shadowing case
Results:
I/N = 28 dB
Average SINR = 15.9 dB
Average SNR = 43.8 dB
No SINR sample > 30 dB

111 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Impact of Shadowing
13.7 dB average
112 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Impact of Pathloss Exponent
The propagation model for
simulation is Erceg Model to
test the different pathloss
exponents
Pathloss exponent is varied
Zero-shadowing
0.5km site radius
Results
Average SINR
Exponent=3.1-> 10.6dB
Significant
differences
in SINRS
113 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Shadowing and Pathloss Exponent
7.5 dB shadowing
Pathloss Exponent:
Case 1 -> 3.6
Case 2 -> 4.1
Case 3 -> 4.6
Average SINR Results
Case 1 -> 11.6
Case 2 -> 15.1
Case 3 -> 18.2

114 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Shadowing + Antenna Downtilting
Simulation:
UMTS propagation
7.5 dB shadowing
Antenna vertical pattern:
Shown in the figure
Almost symmetrical for upper ad
lower sidelobe
Results
No vertical pattern model
Average SINR = 13.56 dB
12 degrees downtilt
Average SINR = 26.7
115 2006 WiMAX.ppt
SINR Comparison: With and Without downtilt model
12 degrees downtilt
No vertical pattern model
116 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Impact of Antenna Tilting to SNR
~3r+d, d<2r
d
location
main interferer
r
interference
117 2006 WiMAX.ppt
SNR Improvement with Downtilting
1 km site radius, PUSC 1/3 macro, 3G 65-deg antenna, SNR measured at street level
Outage probability
improvement due
to interference
reduction
118 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Optimal Tilt based on SINR Criteria
1 km site radius, PUSC 1/3 macro, 3G 65-deg antenna, SNR measured at street level
119 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Packet Scheduling and Capacity
As WiMAX capacity is mainly dictated by the SNR distribution, the actual cell
throughput is affected by how the packet scheduler treats the individual users
Packet Scheduling with no SNR consideration performs worse than those that takes
into account SNR
Maximum SNR based scheduling achieves the best cell throughput
Other factors involved in packet scheduler design:
Fairness this improves end user quality (e.g. Starvation-Free algorithms)
Delay variance among users
Commonly used packet schedulers:
FIFO (first-in-first-out) simple but no fairness and poor capacity (Equal-Data Volume
Scheduling)
Round Robin time proportionate, no starvation, no SNR consideration leading to
poor capacity (Equal-Time Scheduling)
Proportionally Fair fairness with good throughput, allocation based on history
Maximum C/I Scheduling favor to users with higher SNR (highest throughput)
120 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Performance of Packet Schedulers
From: Kang,C.G., Wireless Broadband for Portable Internet
Service in Korea, WISELAB-Korea
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
T
h
e

t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

p
e
r

s
e
c
t
o
r

(
M
b
p
s
)

The number of users
RoundRobin
PF
121 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Packet Scheduler for Dimensioning
The overall impact of Packet Scheduler is difficult to quantify for dimensioning
purposes, especially when the traffic type and level of fairness together with SNR
are to be considered
A simple approach can be applied in sampling the SINR values or by adding
some bias to the SNR distribution:
Examples:
Round Robin with Equal Time Scheduling
The MCS distribution is sampled directly from the SNR values
Mapping is done using MCS vs. SNR Table
Round Robin with Equal Data Volume Scheduling
Since users with lower MCS will spend more time transmitting for equal amount of data
with other users, the SNR samples with lower values are oversampled
Maximum C/I scheduling
SNR samples with higher values are oversampled proportionate to the MCS value
This maximizes the throughput
122 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Example of Capacity difference between RR schemes
P(i) is the percentage of samples with
MCS rate R(i) and c is the spectral
efficiency
as the percentage after over-sampling
from MCS distribution
Rm is the data rate for highest MCS
=
i
i R i P ) ( ) ( c
=
=
m
k
k
i
Rm
R
k P
Rm
R
i P
Pout i
1
) (
) (
) 1 ( ) (
Equal Time
Equal Data
=
i
i R i ) ( ) ( c
123 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Capacity vs. Channel Types
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
,

M
b
p
s

Results taken from Dimensioning Tool
124 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Network Dimensioning
Dimensioning Process
Dimensioning Tool

125 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Dimensioning Process
Radio network dimensioning is mostly concerned with site counts for a given set
of econometric data and RF assumptions
Coverage limited cases applicable to suburban and residential/rural areas
Most network are coverage limited in the early phases of deployment
Benchmark for minimal network configuration
Capacity-limited cases applicable to (dense) urban areas
User density requirement is indicative of the needed features and RF solutions to meet
capacity
Capacity-limited cases takes over coverage-limited cases as network matures
Tools Needed for dimensioning
Link budget tool
Capacity evaluation tool (simulator or calculator)
RF Planning Tool for extracting RF (propagation) model parameters and SINRs
Traffic Analysis Tool (needed for complex traffic mix)
126 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Most Common Dimensioning Inputs and Requirements
Sizes of different types of service areas (i.e. urban, suburban, and residential)
Channel Type and Pathloss Exponents
Existing site density
Subscribers:
Population and Subscriber Geographical Spread
Subscriber Penetration and Growth Rate
Traffic data
Subscriber traffic patterns and usage levels
User types and capabilities (Ex: business/mobile, BWA, VoIP-capable, etc)
QoS (channel utilization, target overbooking factors, delay, etc)
RF equipments types:
Types of subscriber equipment (i.e. CPE diversity and antenna mounting)
BTS Solution (MRC, diversity method, etc)
Assumed Channel Type
Spectrum
Spectrum band
Bandwidth, reuse and permutation
Requirements:
Coverage levels for difference areas (in-building, outdoor/mobile)
UL and DL data rates
Service Outage Probability
127 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Input Analysis: Service Areas
The segmentation of the service area
into different types is to classify the
clutter type so that a propagation
model can be used
Existing 2G or 3G site density is a
good indicator of how the dense
areas, suburban and residential areas
are classified
For capacity dimensioning, the area
classification can be used to establish
the user density or traffic density for
site count purposes
Needed data:
Total area of each area type
User percentages of each area type
128 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Input Analysis: Subscriber Busy Hour Traffic Mix
One crucial input for dimensioning is the average volume of data transmitted per
subscriber
For simplicity, all subscribers are treated with having the same traffic mix
The busy hour data volume is composed of both real-time (Erlang type traffic) and
download/upload Internet traffic
Inputs for Real-time traffic:
Usage Level (Erlang values) for each traffic type
Example: 30 milliErlang for VoIP and 40 milliErlang for video/audio streaming
The Erlang value are converted to data volume (busy hour equivalent)
Average Data Rate for each traffic type
Needed for converting Erlang to data volume
Overhead needs to be taken into account in the conversion
129 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Example of Traffic Inputs
Busy Hour Traffic Per Subscriber Forecast
Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
VoIP Application Erlang 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
Streaming/News Erlang 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
All Downloads Mbyte 1.50 1.58 1.65 1.74 1.82 1.91 2.01 2.11 2.22 2.33
Email and VPN Mbyte 1.50 1.58 1.65 1.74 1.82 1.91 2.01 2.11 2.22 2.33
VoIP kbps 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47
Streaming kbps 141 141 141 141 141 141 141 141 141 141
VoIP data volume Mbyte 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7
Streaming data volume Mbyte 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
IP traffic with Overhead Mbyte 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.7
Total Mbyte 5.0 4.9 5.2 5.4 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.9 7.3
Equivalent data rates
are calculated including
WiMAX overheads
Converted to volume
130 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Input Analysis: Subscriber Traffic Profiles
If a cell or site is serving different types of subscriber busy hour traffic profiles,
finding the busy hour traffic volume is not straightforward
Traffic Data Analysis is necessary
Crucial data are the traffic profiles and the subscriber mix in the cell
Typically the subscriber types is the cell are:
Business subscribers
Mobile subscribers
Residential subscribers
SOHO, Cafs and kiosks
The objective in the analysis is to find the peak data volume of the busiest hour
131 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Examples of Analysis: Volume-based dimensioning
Geographic Information
area (sq.km) 1200 input
population, M 3 input
penetration rate 10% input
Service Area Spread Urban Area Suburban Residential
area percentages 3% 27% 70%
subscribers density ratio 10 3 1
subscriber ratio 0.17 0.45 0.39
subscribers, x1000 50 134 116
Subscription Types Urban Area Suburban Rural
business 30% 15% 0%
residential 40% 75% 90%
SOHO 0% 0% 5%
cafes 0% 0% 0%
mobile 30% 10% 5%
Subscribers, x1000 Urban Area Suburban Rural
business 15 20 0
residential 20 101 104
SOHO 0 0 6
cafes 0 0 0
mobile 15 13.4 5.8
Data Traffic Volume, per subscriber per month
Subscription Types Mbytes Limit Used Volume, 70%
business 3,000 2100
residential 1000 700
SOHO 2,000 1400
cafs 5,000 3500
mobile 1,000 700
Busy day traffic Volume 7.00% Assume busiest day takes 7 percent of the monthly volume
Total Data Traffic, Gbytes Urban Area Suburban Rural
business, Gbytes/day 2205 2955 0
residential 980 4925 5116
SOHO 0 0 568
cafes 0 0 0
mobile 735 657 284
3920 8536 5968
Subscription Traffic Percentages Urban Area Suburban Rural
business 56.25% 34.62% 0.00%
residential 25.00% 57.69% 85.71%
SOHO 0.00% 0.00% 9.52%
cafes 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
mobile 18.75% 7.69% 4.76%
132 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Example of Traffic Profile Data for each Type
Mbyte/user/day, 1 user average 78.40
Peak data rate, kbps 512
Subscription Types
Cell Daily Traffic Profiles, hours business residential SOHO Cafes Mobile
6 0% 0% 0% 3% 2%
7 3% 2% 0% 12% 4%
8 8% 2% 3% 15% 6%
9 13% 2% 5% 8% 8%
10 10% 2% 10% 6% 8%
11 10% 2% 10% 10% 8%
12 8% 2% 5% 10% 8%
13 5% 2% 3% 3% 6%
14 8% 4% 4% 2% 6%
15 10% 4% 5% 2% 6%
16 8% 6% 12% 2% 6%
17 7% 8% 12% 5% 8%
18 5% 10% 10% 8% 4%
19 3% 10% 8% 5% 5%
20 2% 12% 5% 3% 5%
21 0% 10% 5% 3% 4%
22 0% 10% 3% 3% 3%
23 0% 8% 0% 0% 2%
24 0% 4% 0% 0% 1%
100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
derived from the monthly quota
133 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Suburban Cell Traffic
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Total
business
residential
mobile
Urban Cell Traffic
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Total
business
residential
mobile
Busiest Hour Average User Data Volume
Peak = 7.3 Mbytes/user
in urban area
Peak = 6.27 Mbytes/user
in suburban area
134 2006 WiMAX.ppt
QoS-related Inputs for Capacity Dimensioning
Peak User Data Rate
This is a subscription parameter (e.g. 512 kbps DL and 128kbps UL)
Typical values for DL are 256K, 512K, and 1G
Utilization Factor [<100%]
This parameter defines the capacity usage level (related to the subchannel Load
Factor)
QoS guarantees require lower values around 70-85 percent
Overbooking Factor [10-50]
Defines the number of simultaneous users that share the same capacity resources
Example: 512 kbps channel can be shared by 20 users with an average of 25 kbps
If the average busy hour data rate is known, the overbooking factor can be calculated
as the peak-to-average data rate multiplied by the utilization factor

135 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Overbooking Factor
) ( * 22 . 2
) ( *
Mbytes DataVolume
kbps te PeakDataRa nFactor Utilizatio
gFactor Overbookin =
Offered Subscription for BWA
BWA, 512/128 kbps 512 512 512 512 512 512 512 512 512 512
busy hour average volume Mbyte 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7
busy hour average datarate kbps 11 11 11 12 13 13 14 15 15 16
Peak to Average Ratio (PAR) ratio 45.6 46.8 44.5 42.4 40.4 38.5 36.6 34.9 33.2 31.7
Utilisation Factor % 50% 54% 59% 63% 67% 71% 76% 80% 80% 80%
Overbooking Factor ratio 22.8 25.4 26.1 26.7 27.1 27.5 27.7 27.9 26.6 25.3
The 2.22 is the conversion factor from Mbytes of volume
for one hour (busy-hour) to kbps (=8000/3600)
136 2006 WiMAX.ppt
RF Environment and Parameters affecting Coverage
Urban Environment (sites < 1km)
Mobile CPE
Indoor Coverage Required
High pathloss exponent (smaller cells and lower antenna heights)
Suburban Environment (sites < 3km)
Fixed CPE with directional antenna
Lower indoor penetration loss (residential buildings)
Bigger cell radius than urban
Rural Environment (sites < 50 km)
Fixed CPE with roof-mounted highly directional antenna
No indoor loss, no body loss
Line of sight or near-line of sight propagation with very high BTS antenna masts
137 2006 WiMAX.ppt
RF Environment Examples
Rural outdoor
fixed antenna
Suburan indoor
self installed
Urban mobile
indoor coverage
18 dBi (directional) 8 dBi (omni) -1 dBi CPE antenna gain
5 m (rooftop) 1.5 m 1.5 m CPE antenna height
80 m 30 m 20 m BTS antenna height
0 dB
5 dB (by the
window)
15 dB Indoor loss
10 dB 5 dB 0 dB Area correction factor
Source: H Holma and K Goerke, WiMAX Radio Performance
138 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Network Dimensioning Using the Dimensioning Tool
- Dimensioning Procedure -
Defining the OFDMA Parameters
Defining the MCS Bitrates
Performing the Link Budget for identifying the Cell Range
SNR Evaluation
Either by NetAct or any RF (Interference) Tool
Matlab Static Simulator
Site Capacity Evaluation
Defining Application/Service Overheads
Input Subscriber Traffic Forecast
Dimensioning Exercise
139 2006 WiMAX.ppt
OFDMA Parameters
OFDMA Parameters and Bitrates
Bandwidth MHz 5.00
sampling factor 1.1200
ratio of CP time to useful time 0.125
number of used datasubcarriers 360
NFFT 512
sampling frequency MHz 5.6
subcarrier spacing MHz 0.0109
useful symbol time us 91.43
CP time us 11.43
OFDMA symbol time us 102.86
information "tone" rate during ODFM symbol symbols/sec 3500000
modulated coded bits/ symbol 2
code rate 0.5
bit rate during OFDM symbol kbps 3500
TDD frame duration ms 5
TDD DL Ratio 0.67
DL bit rate, no frame overheads Mbps 2.345
UL bit rate, no frame overheads Mbps 1.155
DL frame overheads, symbols 3
MAP Overhead, % 10.0%
frame symbols symbols 48
DL symbols symbols 29
UL symbols symbols 16
1/2 QPSK subchannel bitrate kbps 141
1/3 PUSC, 1/2 QPSK Cell Throughput, DL kbps 708.39
Input: 1/16,1/8,1/4
Higher value for higher multipath
5ms is widely used
depends on traffic (1:2
UL:DL ratio is default)
MAP overhead is easily 10% (DL)
BW is defined in the
Link Budget
140 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Subchannel Bitrate/Symbol for Various MCS
6 MCS only, 64QAM has
similar performance to
16QAM thus omitted
All standard values
raw bitrate for
subchannel with 1
symbol per frame
Value is used in Link
budget and
dimensioning
Downlink
QPSK1/ 2 QPSK3/ 4 16QAM1/ 2 16QAM3/ 4 64QAM2/ 3 64QAM3/ 4
modulation bits per tone 2 2 4 4 6 6
BPSK1 QPSK2 16QAM4 64QAM6
code rate 0.5 0.75 0.5 0.75 0.67 0.75
bits per tone 1 1.5 2 3 4 4.5
tones per subchannel (DL = 24) 24 24 24 24 24 24
OFDMsymbol duration incl gp us 102.86 102.86 102.86 102.86 102.86 102.86
Mb/ s per subchannel 0.233 0.350 0.467 0.700 0.933 1.050
kb/ s per subchannel 233.3 350.0 466.7 700.0 933.3 1050.0
repetition 1 1 1 1 1 1
kbs 233.3 350.0 466.7 700.0 933.3 1050.0
number of subchannels 1 1 1 1 1 1
kbs 233.3 350.0 466.7 700.0 933.3 1050.0
number of symbols in a frame 47 47 47 47 47 47
number of symbols used 1 1 1 1 1 1
bit rate, no Overhead kbs 4.96 7.45 9.93 14.89 19.86 22.34
Uplink
QPSK1/ 2 QPSK3/ 4 16QAM1/ 2 16QAM3/ 4 64QAM2/ 3 64QAM3/ 4
modulation bits per tone 2 2 4 4 6 6
BPSK1 QPSK2 16QAM4 64QAM6
code rate 0.5 0.75 0.5 0.75 0.67 0.75
bits per tone 1 1.5 2 3 4 4.5
tones per subchannel (data only = 2/ 3x24) 16 16 16 16 16 16
OFDMsymbol duration incl gp us 102.86 102.86 102.86 102.86 102.86 102.86
Mb/ s per subchannel 0.156 0.233 0.311 0.467 0.622 0.700
kb/ s per subchannel 155.6 233.3 311.1 466.7 622.2 700.0
repetition 1 1 1 1 1 1
kbs 155.6 233.3 311.1 466.7 622.2 700.0
number of subchannels 1 1 1 1 1 1
kbs 155.6 233.3 311.1 466.7 622.2 700.0
number of symbols in a frame 48 48 48 48 48 48
number of symbols used 1 1 1 1 1 1
bit rate per symbol kbs 3.24 4.86 6.48 9.72 12.96 14.58
141 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Link Budget Exercise: Input parameters
Uplink Downlink
Transmitter
Transmit power (rms) [dBm] 23 36
Transmit power (rms) [W] 0.20 4.0
Transmit diversity gain [dB] 0 0
Transmit EIRP [dBm] 21 52
Receiver
Carrier bandwidth [MHz] 10.00 10.00
Permutation PUSC PUSC
Major groups per sector (PUSC only) 2 2
Occupied bandwidth [MHz] 3.1 3.1
Thermal noise floor [dBm] -109 -109
Receiver noise figure [dB] 4 7
Receiver diversity gain (MRC) [dB] 5 5
Interference cancellation gain [dB] 0 0
Repetition coding [sending # times] 1 1
Channel model
Required SNR [dB] 4.5
Number of symbols used in UL 16
Required minimum UL data rate [kbit/s] 64
Subchannelization gain [dB] 7.7
Receiver sensitivity [dBm] -131 -107
Veh.A 30km/h dual ant.
Average power values (Peak-Backoff)
Not applicable for 1tx/2rx configuration
1x10 MHz BW
PUSC needed at cell edge for 1x10 MHz
FUSC applicable if using i.e. 3x5 or 4x7 MHz
refer to PL (depends on BTS configuration)
Used to adjust user bitrate vs. coverage
used in selecting SNR vs. MCS
UL bitrate requirement at cell edge
Values: 64,128, 256,
142 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Link Budget Exercise: Results
DL data rate at cell edge
Available SNR [dB] (no interference) 6.8
Modulation and coding scheme used QPSK 1/2
Number of data symbols used in DL 29
Maximum DL data rate at cell edge [kbit/s] 1410
Hardware path loss [dB] 152 152
Slow fading standard deviation 7
Coverage probability [%] 90 90
Coverage target Indoor Indoor
Fading margin due to shadowing [dB] 9.0 9.0
Interference margin [dB] 3 3
Frequency band [MHz] 3500 3500
Urban cell radius [km] 0.32 # 0.32
Suburban cell radius [km] 1.21 # 1.21
Rural (roof-mounted) cell radius [km] 7.24
Uplink Downlink
Maximum user bitrate at
cell edge if subchannels in
the sector is assigned
Main result in the link
budget. In UL, it is used to
calculate the cell range. In
the DL, it used to identify
corresponding bitrate
Radio planning part to evaluate the
cell range for different environments
and assumptions
Also advisable to
change pathloss
models to suit case
requirements
143 2006 WiMAX.ppt
SNR Distribution Evaluation or Capacity Simulations
The results from the link budget are the cell ranges for the different types of
environments and the RF parameters to establish the hardware pathloss
All the link budget parameters are required to generate the RF interference
environment for capacity analysis
Import all the relevant parameters to the RF planning tool
The RF tool will generate the SINR distribution needed to capacity calculation
Alternatively, if the RF tool support WiMAX air-interface the site capacity will be
available immediately. The maximum cell range and the corresponding site capacity
will be used for network dimensioning.
If only the SINR distribution is available, this will be fed to the capacity calculator
SINR distribution required to be binned from -5 dB to 35 dB
Each area type has its own SINR distribution values
144 2006 WiMAX.ppt
SINR Distribution Input to the Capacity Calculator
SNR SNR % SNR, % SNR, % Subchannel Urban Suburban Rural
urban,0.9km suburban 1.5 km rural 2.1 km kbps/symbol Mbps Mbps Mbps
-5 0 0 0.0133 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-4 0 0 0.004 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-3 0 0 0.0147 0.81 0.00 0.00 0.01
-2 0 0 0.012 0.81 0.00 0.00 0.01
-1 0 0 0.0187 1.22 0.00 0.00 0.02
0 0.004 0.0053 0.0187 1.22 0.00 0.01 0.02
1 0.004 0.0053 0.0187 1.22 0.00 0.01 0.02
2 0.012 0.008 0.0267 2.43 0.03 0.02 0.06
3 0.0013 0.0147 0.02 2.43 0.00 0.03 0.04
4 0.0013 0.02 0.028 2.43 0.00 0.04 0.06
5 0.0067 0.0173 0.02 4.86 0.03 0.07 0.08
6 0.0067 0.02 0.0467 4.86 0.03 0.08 0.20
7 0.0027 0.0053 0.0187 4.86 0.01 0.02 0.08
8 0.02 0.012 0.0307 7.29 0.13 0.08 0.19
9 0.012 0.016 0.036 9.72 0.10 0.14 0.30
10 0.0133 0.0253 0.0507 9.72 0.11 0.21 0.43
11 0.02 0.02 0.036 9.72 0.17 0.17 0.30
12 0.024 0.048 0.0213 9.72 0.20 0.41 0.18
13 0.0133 0.032 0.028 9.72 0.11 0.27 0.24
14 0.024 0.0387 0.0133 9.72 0.20 0.33 0.11
15 0.0507 0.0373 0.0427 9.72 0.43 0.32 0.36
16 0.0333 0.04 0.0507 14.58 0.42 0.51 0.64
17 0.028 0.028 0.024 14.58 0.36 0.36 0.30
18 0.032 0.0427 0.0253 19.44 0.54 0.72 0.43
19 0.0293 0.032 0.016 21.88 0.56 0.61 0.30
20 0.056 0.032 0.024 21.88 1.07 0.61 0.46
21 0.0227 0.048 0.0467 21.88 0.43 0.91 0.89
22 0.036 0.0413 0.0213 21.88 0.69 0.79 0.41
23 0.0413 0.016 0.0107 21.88 0.79 0.30 0.20
24 0.0267 0.0387 0.0253 21.88 0.51 0.74 0.48
25 0.0347 0.0333 0.032 21.88 0.66 0.63 0.61
26 0.024 0.0267 0.016 21.88 0.46 0.51 0.30
27 0.02 0.0027 0.0093 21.88 0.38 0.05 0.18
28 0.0267 0.0213 0.008 21.88 0.51 0.41 0.15
29 0.0333 0.0133 0.0133 21.88 0.63 0.25 0.25
30 0.02 0.032 0.0053 21.88 0.38 0.61 0.10
31 0.0333 0.008 0.0133 21.88 0.63 0.15 0.25
32 0.0307 0.0093 0.016 21.88 0.58 0.18 0.30
33 0.0267 0.0293 0.008 21.88 0.51 0.56 0.15
34 0.0413 0.0147 0.0093 21.88 0.79 0.28 0.18
35 0.188 0.1653 0.1067 21.88 3.58 3.15 2.03
Downlink Throughput 16.03 14.51 11.35
Spectral Efficiency, Bit/Hz 2.4 2.2 1.7
SINR
inputs
Capacity
results
145 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Bitrates and Overheads of Different Services
- VoIP bitrate including overheads -
Main VoIP Parameters
Protocol Overheads
Padding bits insertion
Voice Over IP Traffic
codec bitrate 12 [kbps]
Packetization Interval 20 [ms]
OFDMA frame duration 5 [ms]
MAP bit per symbol 1 QPSK 1/2
MAP repetition, R 2
Average bit/symbol in the cell 2 16QAM 1/2
Headers
RTP 4 [bytes] 14 without header compression
UDP 20 [bytes]
IP 24 [bytes]
MAC 22 [bytes]
Total header 70 [bytes] RTP, UDP, IPv4, MAC
MAP_IE 5 [bytes] per subframe, DL
Packet Insertion Loss 5.0% [%]
Header Overhead 28 [kbps]
MAP bitrate
VoIP packet duty cycle 25.0% [%]
MAP overhead 8 [kbps]
Total Overhead 37.8 [kbps]
Total VoIP bitrate 49.8 [kbps]
146 2006 WiMAX.ppt
IP (WEB) Traffic Overhead
Main input
Significant protocol
overhead compared to
MAP overhead
IP Traffic
Average throughput 4.23 Mpbs PUSC 1/3
Packet Size 1 kbyte
OFDMA frame duration 5 [ms]
MAP bit per symbol 1 QPSK 1/2
MAP repetition, R 2
Average bit/symbol in the cell 2 16QAM 1/2
Packet Interval 2.024 ms
Headers
Others 0 [bytes]
TCP 24 [bytes]
IP 24 [bytes]
MAC 22 [bytes]
Total header 70 [bytes]
MAP_IE 4 [bytes] per subframe, DL
Packet Insertion Loss 5.0% [%]
Header Overhead 7.0% %
MAP bitrate
Allocation per Frame 2.5
MAP overhead 63.2 [kbps]
MAP Overhead 70.8 [kbps]
MAP Overhead, volume 1.5% %
Total Overhead (volume) 13.5%
147 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Traffic Forecast Inputs and Results
Busy Hour Traffic Per Subscriber Forecast
Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
VoIP Application Erlang 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
Streaming/News Erlang 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
All Downloads Mbyte 1.50 1.58 1.65 1.74 1.82 1.91 2.01 2.11 2.22 2.33
Email and VPN Mbyte 1.50 1.58 1.65 1.74 1.82 1.91 2.01 2.11 2.22 2.33
VoIP kbps 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47
Streaming kbps 141 141 141 141 141 141 141 141 141 141
VoIP data volume Mbyte 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7
Streaming data volume Mbyte 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
IP traffic with Overhead Mbyte 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.7
Total Mbyte 5.0 4.9 5.2 5.4 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.9 7.3
used in Overbooking Factor calculation
Values include overheads
148 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Network Dimensioning site count calculator
Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
Population # 500,000 505,000 510,050 515,151 520,302 525,505 530,760 536,068 541,428 546,843
Pop / HH # 3.00 2.99 2.98 2.97 2.96 2.95 2.94 2.93 2.92 2.91
Nr of Housholds # 166,667 168,896 171,158 173,451 175,778 178,137 180,531 182,958 185,421 187,918
Penetration
Broadband Internet % 3.0% 4.7% 6.4% 8.1% 9.9% 11.6% 13.3% 15.0% 15.0% 15.0%
Subscribers with Mobile Capability % 1.0% 1.6% 2.1% 2.7% 3.3% 3.9% 4.4% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0%
Subscribers, mobile + BWA # 5000 7936 10930 13983 17096 20269 23505 26803 27071 27342
Subscribers, BWA # 5000 7962 11003 14124 17327 20613 23985 27444 27813 28188
Area
city/urban sqkm 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
suburban sqkm 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
rural/residential sqkm 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
Subscriber Geographical Spread
city/urban % 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0%
suburban % 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 30.0%
rural/residential % 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0%
Spectrum MHz 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
BWA, 512/128 kbps 512 512 512 512 512 512 512 512 512 512
Total Peak Traffic
city/urban Mbps 1024 1628 2246 2878 3525 4186 4863 5555 5620 5686
suburban Mbps 1536 2442 3369 4317 5287 6280 7294 8332 8430 8529
residential/rural Mbps 2560 4070 5615 7195 8812 10466 12157 13887 14050 14216
Site Count, Capacity
city/urban site capacity 16.0 3 4 5 7 8 10 11 12 13 14
suburban site capacity 14.5 5 7 9 11 13 16 18 21 22 23
residential/rural site capacity 11.4 10 14 19 24 29 34 39 44 47 49
Estimated Site Count # 17 25 33 42 50 59 68 77 82 87
Site Count, Coverage
city/urban, site radius 0.90 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
suburban, site radius 1.50 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
residential/rural,site radius 2.10 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23
total 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
Total Site Count 54 54 54 55 60 64 70 77 82 87
149 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Dimensioning Inputs
Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
Population # 500,000 505,000 510,050 515,151 520,302 525,505 530,760 536,068 541,428 546,843
Pop / HH # 3.00 2.99 2.98 2.97 2.96 2.95 2.94 2.93 2.92 2.91
Nr of Housholds # 166,667 168,896 171,158 173,451 175,778 178,137 180,531 182,958 185,421 187,918
Penetration
Subscribers, BWA # 5000 7962 11003 14124 17327 20613 23985 27444 27813 28188
Area
city/urban sqkm 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
suburban sqkm 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
rural/residential sqkm 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
city/urban % 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0%
suburban % 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 30.0%
rural/residential % 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0%
Population
growth
Population
per
household
Subscriber
penetration
Subscriber
percentage in
each area type
Subscriber
penetration
saturation
150 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Dimensioning Inputs (contd)
Spectrum MHz 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
BWA, 512/128 kbps 512 512 512 512 512 512 512 512 512 512
Total Peak Traffic
city/urban Mbps 1024 1628 2246 2878 3525 4186 4863 5555 5620 5686
suburban Mbps 1536 2442 3369 4317 5287 6280 7294 8332 8430 8529
residential/rural Mbps 2560 4070 5615 7195 8812 10466 12157 13887 14050 14216
Offered
downlink
peak bitrate
Target utilization
factor for good QoS
Maximum
target value
151 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Dimensioning Figures
city/urban site capacity 16.0 3 4 5 7 8 10 11 12 13 14
suburban site capacity 14.5 5 7 9 11 13 16 18 21 22 23
residential/rural site capacity 11.4 10 14 19 24 29 34 39 44 47 49
Site Count, Coverage
city/urban, site radius 0.90 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
residential/rural,site radius 2.10 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23
total 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54
Total Site Count 54 54 54 55 60 64 70 77 82 87
Values derived from Capacity
Calculator or from Static Simulator
Maximum values derived from Link Budget or
actual values from RF planning tool
Note: A few iterations maybe required in order to arrive with
the correct capacity and site radius figures
152 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Important Dimensioning Parameters
TDD Ratio (1:2 or 0.667 DL)
This parameter is set based on the expected traffic asymmetry
If the value is high, higher bitrate is expected in the downlink at the expense of uplink capacity.
Hence the uplink subchannelization gain will decrease as more subchannels will be required to
support the uplinks required cell-edge bitrate
MAP Overhead (10%)
This is the signaling overhead and assumed to be 10 percent at low load
Every connection has its own overhead due to bandwidth requests and allocation and are all in
the downlink sub-frame. The additional overhead are included in the services traffic calcuations
Permutation (PUSC)
PUSC 1/3 is the default permutation in a cellular network.
The capacity figures for FUSC 1/3/1 and PUSC 1/3/3 in a 3-sector configuration are similar albeit
PUSC having less bandwidth per sector
Bandwidth
For WiMAX to be commercially viable, site capacity should be high even without MIMO
Values below 2MHz per sector is considered very low
153 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Contd
Major Group per sector in PUSC (value=2)
Always use the default
Repetition Coding (default=1)
This parameter is used to trade-off coverage and bitrate
If the link budget is downlink-limited, higher values can be tested if the required bitrate
can be satisfied
Slow Fading Standard Deviation (~9 dB)
This value needs to be taken from field data (if not known)
Impacts fading margin and will significantly affect coverage
Channel model
Use Vehicular 30km/h dual antenna for BBWA dominated network
The IEEE 802.15 single antenna model is an industry-wide standard for capacity
comparison purposes
154 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Contd
VoIP Codec bitrate and Packetization Interval (12 kbps, 20 ms)
These parameters are very sensitivity due to high overhead of VoIP traffic
Also refer to tendering requirements (if not specified use default values)
Example: At 18 Mbps (UL+DL) per site and 47 kbps VoIP, site capacity about 100 users
Utilization Factor (<85%)
For data networks, acceptable throughput-delay performance allows some margin for traffic
fluctuations
M/M/1 delay queue model is a good assumption to calculate delay vs. load
If is safe to start with lower values in the early days the network
Overbooking Factor
If the operator recommends a value, it is better to do a sanity check
The benchmark for reasonable value is to estimate the monthly data volume if it agrees with
commonly used figures in ADSL subscriptions (i.e. 0.4-3 Gbytes/month)
Values below 10 for 512 kbps DL will result to excessive site counts for capacity-limited cases
155 2006 WiMAX.ppt
WIMAX Planning Tool & Case
Example
Tools for WiMAX planning
Case example

156 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Network Planning & Other Tools for WiMAX
NetAct Planner 5.0 and 5.1 - PUSC planning based on GSM planning part. Such
solution is possible now
Specific WiMax support since version 5.2
EDX SignalPro by EDX Wireless, LLC - Better support for WiMAX kind of plots
Specific WiMax support expected cca 2H06
NIR planning tool (by Hexagon, ltd.) they claim a couple of references from FWA
http://www.hexagonltd.com

Other tools
Excel based dimensioning tool develop by SD Multiradio program (for
dimensioning, possible input real network C/I distribution)
Static WiMAX simulator WISSI , Matlab platform (WiMAX performance)
Dynamic WiMAX simulator WASP - developed by NRC, C++, Linux (WiMAX
performance)
157 2006 WiMAX.ppt
EDX Signal Pro-WiMax

Current version supports Fixed WiMax Planning (802.16d) and includes SUI models specifically used
for Fixed OFDM systems.
Includes Models that covers from 30 MHz to 60 GHz.
158 2006 WiMAX.ppt
EDX Signal Pro-WiMax cont.
Supports Uniform, Clutter & Cell based Traffic Distribution.
Traffic definitions are very detailed and can be defined individually for UL & DL.
Supports easy import of Mapinfo (mif) files.
Future versions likely to support Mesh Planning.
Does not need separate Central Database for sharing, works on simple File Server system
159 2006 WiMAX.ppt
WiMax dimensioning tool
Developed in in the Framework of Global programs, C&I NAM, Radionet Consulting
Excel based
Supports Dimensioning based on the C/I distribution.
Traffic definitions are very detailed.
Supports excel (copy & paste) C/I histogram input from network planning tools.
Future versions likely to support Fixed and Mobile users.
The tool (version 11) is as is and is subject to another development
Info or comments to: Tomas Novosad, Florian Reymond, Ted Buot

160 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Asset tentative roadmap and WiMAX workaround with
NetAct Planner 5.0/5.1
161 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Asset3g Roadmap
Asset3g V5.1.1 (Interim Release) March 2006
Version 5.1.1 will enhance the current WiMAX planning capability of the
tool by supporting the SUI channel model
Asset3g V5.2 2H 2006
Version 5.2 will extend and include a major usability improvement of
WiMAX model allowing for explicit configuration of WiMAX networks.
Planners will be able to:
Model WiMAX CPEs more exhaustively (including parameters such as
sensitivity, directional antenna characteristics, noise figure..)
Perform improved C/I analysis through the introduction of directional
antenna
Perform uplink analysis
Generate predictions at multiple heights
Simultaneously create C/I plots for a number of different CPE types

162 2006 WiMAX.ppt
WiMAX planning in Asset3g v5.0
Asset3gs network planning functionality can be used to perform the following
analysis for WiMAX networks:
Coverage Analysis
Interference Analysis
163 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Coverage Analysis: Set Up
Propagation Models

The macrocell models currently supported by the tool
are suitable for frequency range between 150 MHz and
2 GHz and can be recalibrated for WiMAX frequencies.

The Siradell Volcano models supported by the tool have
been verified to give accurate predictions at WiMAX
frequencies (standard deviation in the 6 8 dB range).

The Siradell Volcano models are ray tracing models and
hence require building vectors and high resolution map
data (ideally 5m).
164 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Coverage Analysis: Set Up
Equipment

WiMAX antennas and feeders can be defined or imported
into the tool
WiMAX site templates can be defined from within the tool
165 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Coverage Analysis: Generating Coverage
As each CPE type will have a different height, the pathloss will be different for each CPE type and hence a
separate coverage plot is generated for each CPE type.
For a given CPE type, the minimum received signal level for each of the modulation and coding schemes can be
specified in the form of a coverage schema.
The Antenna gain associated with the directional antenna of each CPE should be factored into the
minimum received level.
166 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Coverage Analysis: Viewing Coverage
The figures show the coverage for two different CPE types:
CPE roof top with an antenna height of 10m
CPE window with an antenna height of 4m
Both CPE types have different coverage schemas
associated with them.
The gain of the CPE antennas is factored into the minimum
received levels specified in the coverage schemas.
Coverage for CPE roof top
Coverage for CPE window
167 2006 WiMAX.ppt
WiMAX Interference Analysis
In order to calculate the C/I, the carrier and the channel bandwidth used by the network must be defined and
the carriers must be allocated to the individual WiMAX cells.

168 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Interference Analysis: Set Up
Carriers/ Carrier Layers/ Cell Layers

The WiMAX standard specifies a number of different
carrier frequencies and channel bandwidths
In order to plan a WiMAX network, the WiMAX frequency
bands must be added to the system using the Frequency
Conversion Formulae dialog
The WiMAX carriers must be grouped into Carrier layers
(logical grouping of carriers that perform a common
function)
The carrier layer must be assigned to the cell layer
To prevent any adjacent frequency complications there is
good to choose non-adjacent frequencies for WiMAX
exercise

169 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Frequency Allocation and Planning

Frequency allocation and planning in WiMAX networks is simpler than in the case of GSM networks as
each cell is only allocated a single frequency.
In the case of WiMAX, network capacity cannot be increased by increasing the number of carriers.
Network capacity can only be increased by increasing the number of base stations or by increasing
the channel bandwidth.

Interference Analysis: Set Up
Carrier can be allocated to WiMAX cells in two
ways:
Manually
Automatically - using the automatic frequency
planning tool ILSA
170 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Asset3g can create a number of different interference arrays (Average interference, Total interference, Worse
interferer). For the initial interference analysis, the total interference array should be used.

Interference Analysis: Calculation
The C/I ratio calculated by the tool will be pessimistic compared to the actual value as directional
antennas are not supported at present

In the case of WiMAX, the coverage for each base
station will vary depending on the type of CPE
being considered. More specifically, the coverage
will vary based on the height of the CPE being
considered. Therefore, for the initial interference
analysis the mobile terminal height should be set to
the maximum CPE height (Worst case scenario) or
the designated scenario.
171 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Interference Analysis: Viewing Interference
The C/I thresholds for each modulation and
coding scheme can be defined by the
user
172 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Current Works With NetAct Planner 5.0
173 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Helsinki, WiMAX, 3.5GHz, P=36dBm, reuse 4, C/(I+N)
174 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Helsinki, WiMAX, 3.5GHz, P=36dBm, reuse 4, Best
Server
175 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Helsinki, WiMAX, 3.5GHz, P=36dBm, reuse 4, K1=155, 123 sites,
3 sectors/site, C/I histogram (mean=11.49dB, std=9.06dB)
176 2006 WiMAX.ppt
WiMAX Planning Scenarios
Spectrum Allocation
Coverage Requirements
Antenna Downtilting
Reuse Factors
177 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Planning beyond Hexagonal (Ideal) Environment
Coverage remains the main issue behind WiMAX
SINR coverage interference and coverage goes together
Spectrum is not always sufficient
Duplexing
FDD (2.3 and 3.5 GHz)
TDD (2.5 GHz)
Complete Radio Coverage (mobile WiMAX)
Indoor
Outdoor
Hotspot
High Interference Areas
High rise
Tunnel/Underground
178 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Spectrum Allocation
FDD Scenarios (blocks of 5MHz)
Bands
2.3 GHz with 2x15 MHz wide FDD
3.5 GHz with 2x200 MHz wide FDD
Options for FDD:
2x15 MHz at 2.3 GHz band
2x20 MHz or more at 3.5 GHz
TDD Scenarios (at 2.5 GHz):
Band is ~200 MHz wide at 2.5 GHz
Operators will likely get >10MHz
With 10 MHz as maximum bandwidth for
the RF head, FUSC is better for TDD to
support the needed sector capacity
Options for TDD
Blocks of 10MHz is good (e.g. 30MHz)
Possible to get 50MHz block
Reuse Options
PUSC maximum sectorization = 6
Rel 1 maximum bandwidth supported by
the BTS is 10 MHz
FUSC is needed for >10MHz spectrum
Each sector needs a decent capacity of
exceeding 5Mbps to support traffic with
minimum site count
Options to slice the band:
n x 3.5 MHz
n x 5 MHz (for 15 and 20 MHz)
n x 7 MHz (for 30 MHz at n=4)
n x 8.7 MHz (35MHz at n=4)
n x 10 MHz

179 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Two main considerations regarding Spectrum
Capacity per Site:
If the dimensioning is based on sector downlink capacity, the sector should have a
decent throughput in order to provide good trunking efficiency (or overbooking factor)
If WiMAX supports 512 kbps as the user data rate, a good overbooking factor is
achieved only if the sector supports >20 equivalent DSL channel units in order to
have a good statistical multiplexing. For example, if we apply the N+k*sqrt(N)
approximation for the sector throughput, for k=2, 20 channel units only supports
around 12 users. At 512 kbps, we need ~10Mbps per sector to support 12 active
users at a time. With an overbooking factor of 10, that is equivalent to 120 subscribers
per sector.
Capacity requirement also increases with cell range (due to more users/sqkm)
Required Coverage Probability
For mobile WiMAX, handover requires a minimum SINR with high coverage
probability
Cell edge SINR also affects capacity
180 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Capacity Per Site
Traffic Density (Mbps/sqkm)
SiteCapacity = SubsPerSqkm x
MbpsPerSubs / OBF x 1.95*R^2
Example: Urban/Suburban
1000 pop/sqkm
Penetration = 5%
kbps/subs = 512
Overbooking Factor = 10
R=0.5-3 km
Spectral efficiency = 1.8 bit/Hz
Result: spectrum needed
>10MHz/site for FDD or >15MHz
for 1:2 ratio TDD
Balancing of Coverage, Capacity and
Spectrum requirement is needed
during NW planning
181 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Providing Coverage
Coverage Criteria
Planned cell edge SINR
Impact cell edge data rate and site capacity
Number of simultaneous CPEs in handover supported
Average SINR radio planning indicator
SINR outage probability service availability (>99% ???)
Required planning parameters
Effective frequency reuse
BTS and CPE Antenna types
BTS height and antenna mounting
CPE locations (outdoor, indoor (near window), indoor (multiple walls), etc)
Service areas: Dense Urban, Surburban, Hotspots, microcell)
Cell edge required data rates

182 2006 WiMAX.ppt
How much reuse is needed?
Outdoor
At least 3 ???
Need to investigate under severe clutter
Outdoor + indoor deployment options
Indoor BTS
Indoor repeater
Indoor tap-down solution
Indoor as 3
rd
or 4
th
sector
Outdoor + hotspot
Is another frequency needed?
Microcell planning
Note: Need to determine the minimum frequency reuse for a
baseline configuration
183 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Reuse Options
2
1
3
4
2
1
3
4
2
1
3
2
1
3
4
2
3
4
3
2
3
2
2
Reuse = 1/4
2
2
1
3
3
3
2
1
1
3
2
1
1
3
2
2
1
3
1
3
2
1
2
Reuse = 1/3
184 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Impact of Shadowing
Reuse = 1/3
Diversity effect of
shadowing results to
no more degradation
beyond 10 dB
standard deviation
(worse case outage
~20 percent at 5 dB)
185 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Reuse of 1/3 or 1/4 Comparison
Test Network
Samples
inside the
area
186 2006 WiMAX.ppt
SINR Comparison
UMTS propagation
65deg 3G antenna without vertical antenna
model
30m BTS
3-sector site
1 km site radius
7.5 dB shadowing
3.5 GHz spectrum
Cell camping based in maximum SINR
criteria
Network fully loaded
Problem:
Dimensioning target is to support QPSK
R=1 at cell edge to support >1Mbps with
10MHz. With >10% outage probability, it is
not acceptable
It also lowers significantly the site capacity
Handover for mobile users is an issue
QPSK R=1
1tx/2rx
R=6
Too high outage
probability at R=1
for reuse=1/3
187 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Impact of Vertical Antenna Pattern
To ensure good RSSI at cell
edge, the antenna pattern must
take into account pathloss
difference due to near-far
problem
The SINR can be maximized
by:
Reducing the RSSI of
interfering cells
Maximizing the RSSI of
serving cell
Cell camping is based on
maximum SINR, not RSSI
Antenna pattern Pathloss difference for
1km, 30m BTS, angle
shifted by 6 degrees,
e.g. beamwidth (ideal
antenna)
Main lobe beamwidth
reduces interference
Near-far
difference
compensation
188 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Downtilt for Reuse of 1/4
5dB SINR outage ~
2.4% at 10deg DT
7.5 dB shadowing
5dB Outage = 4% at 10dB shadowing
10 dB SINR outage
~ 12%
189 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Downtilt for Reuse of 1/3
Downtilt of 10deg is enough to reduce outage probability
5dB SINR outage ~
4.8% at 10deg DT
7.5 dB shadowing
5dB Outage = 8.1% at 10dB shadowing
10 dB SINR outage
~ 20%
190 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Capacity Comparison:
10 MHz PUSC
Reuse of 1/3, Site capacity for pedestrian 3 dual antenna ~ 13.4 Mbps DL for 1:2 TDD
ratio
Reuse of 1/4 ~14.3 Mbps DL for 1:2 TDD ratio
In this case the motivation to go for reuse of is mainly the SINR outage
probability. The capacity for reuse of 1/4 is only 12% higher than that of 1/3 but
an extra frequency is needed

191 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Summary
For outdoor coverage reuse of 1/3 and 1/4 has is little difference in capacity and
average SINR. The difference is mainly in the coverage probability. Reuse of 1/4
achieved close to 2 percent outage in the simulation environment.
Downtilting impacts dramatically the SINR and it must be considered in the
planning and dimensioning for capacity and coverage probability calculations
The site capacity for WIMAX with optimal configuration can reach somewhere
around 1.8-2 bit/Hz in a reuse of 1/3 and roughly 12 percent more with reuse of
1/4 in the downlink. The uplink can be lower since the MCS is limited to 16QAM.
For complete radio planning including coverage areas like indoor, hotspots, etc,
the need for reuse of 1/4 or another spare frequency has to be considered. This
is not considered in this document and is for further study
192 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Dimensioning Example
193 2006 WiMAX.ppt
DIMENSIONING FLOW
calculated from the average data rate per subscriber and the offerred downlink
MCS (Downlink):
SNR distribution from NetAct
types of environment
NETACT RF Planning
SERVICES:
codec parameters
higher layer overheads
MAP (signalling) overhead
TRAFFIC FORECAST:
Erlang values for RT services
Data volumes for NRT
DIMENSIONING:
Area Size (from NetAct)
Traffic Figures (subscribers)
Offered download speed
Cell Radius (from NetAct or
Link Budget)
Connection of network &
specific C/I distribution
from planning tool
as input to the dimensioning
194 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Network Dimensioning HEL - 3.5GHz, 4x7 MHz site
count

NETWORK DIMENSIONING
Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
Population # 900,000 909,000 918,090 927,271 936,544 945,909 955,368 964,922 974,571 984,317
Pop / HH # 4.00 3.99 3.98 3.97 3.96 3.95 3.94 3.93 3.92 3.91
Nr of Housholds # 225,000 227,820 230,676 233,569 236,501 239,471 242,479 245,527 248,615 251,743
Penetration
Subscribers, BWA # 6750 10740 14829 19019 23312 27710 32215 36829 37292 37762
Area
city sqkm 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
suburban sqkm 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80
residential sqkm 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 200
city % 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0%
suburban % 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 30.0% 30.0%
residential % 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0%
Spectrum MHz 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00
BWA, 512/128 kbps 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024
Total Peak Traffic
city Mbps 3226 5125 7066 9050 11076 13147 15263 17423 17617 17813
suburban Mbps 4838 7687 10599 13575 16615 19721 22894 26135 26426 26719
residential Mbps 8064 12812 17665 22624 27691 32868 38156 43558 44043 44532
city 33.7 4 6 8 10 13 15 18 20 22 23
suburban 33.7 6 9 12 16 19 23 27 31 32 34
residential 33.7 10 15 20 26 32 38 44 51 54 57
Site Count, Coverage, 3sectors site radius (based on link budget)
city, site radius 0.76 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
residential, site radius 1.73 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 34
total 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 100
Total Site Count 109 109 109 109 109 111 117 124 127 127
195 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Case Example Dimensioning Study
196 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Inputs and Assumptions
NLOS solution:
Necessary equipment
Number of base radios needed (1)
Frequency plan per base radio (2)
Maximum number of installable clients
Total system capacity in Mbps (3)
Average of interfered area (4)
Graphics of the areas with the modulations reached (area
of 64 QAM of 16 QAM etc.) (5)
Average and maximum delay for packets of 512 bytes with
the system charged at 85% (6)
Orientative estimation of related costs (CAPEX) requested
in paragraph 5.5.2.

Design Conditions:
Area size: 100 km2, see graphic 1.
Type B land (medium with no plains nor mountains)
Use propagation model SIU-4 with antenna of 30 and K=3.2.
Offered service of 512/128 kbps
50% of the clients with telephone service
Monthly consumption average of 30mErl
Block average lower than 1%
Codec G.729a
Clientsdensity
50 per km2 in the surrounding area (2 areas of 5x8km2)
150 clients per km2 in a core area of 5x4 Km2
Re-use factor 1:10 (meaning that the average client will
consume 51.2/13 kbps during peak hours)
Average and maximum BER (lower than 10-4)
Maximum delay lower than 50ms
Base radio height: 60m
CPE height: 5 m
Frequency of platform work:
Licensed band in 3.5 GHz,
Non-licensed band 5.8 GHz
Band of 2.3 GHz
Band of 2.5 GHz

[1]
Source http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16/tg3/contrib/802163c-01_29r4.pdf
Core: 150 subs/km2
50 subs/km2
197 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Input Analysis
Area = 100 sqkm
Core = 20 sqkm
Surrounding = 80 sqkm
Traffic:
Data Traffic
Core = 150 client/sqkm x 20 = 3000 clients
Surrounding = 50 x 80 = 4000 clients
Average Peak Hour Rate, UL/DL = 13/51.2 kbps
Peak Rate, UL/DL = 130/512 kbps
UL/DL ratio = 1:4 for TDD recommendation (20 percent UL)
Overbooking Factor = 10
Utilization = OBF/(Peak-to-Average Ratio) = 100 percent
Total Bitrate Capacity Needed for Data:
TotalBitrate,DL= 7000 x 51.2 /1000 = 358 Mbps
Voice Traffic (50 percent of clients at 30 mErlangs and 48 kbps)
1 Erlang = 48kbps, 30 mErlangs = 48x.03*3600/8000 = 0.648 Mbytes/hr
Total voice traffic ~48x0.03/1000*3500 = 5.1 Mbps (only 1.5%, too small)
Sites Needed = 363/12 ~ 30 sites full capacity (assuming 12 Mbps/site, 10 MHz)
With voice traffic, utilisation factor needs to be within tolerable delay (3 sigma)
Sites Needed, with <80 percent utilisation = 38 sites
198 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Number of Base Radios Needed
- Interpreted as number of sites -
Solution: perform coverage test using the inputs
Propagation is empirical
pathloss = A + log(d/do) + o ; A=10log10(4tdo/) = f(frequency,do) ~ 82 dB
Assume do = 100 meters (based on given reference)
BTS height = 60m masts
Mobile height
5m (rooftop mounting for nomadic subscribers)
1.5 meters for 50 percent of users with voice capability
Method: Use empirical model and check with Link budget tool the range for UL peak rate
of 130 kbps or use other model re-calibrated to real data or Erceg model
Determine the Link Budgets maximum hardware pathloss
From mobile antenna to BTS antenna
Cross-check downlink 512 kbps is supported
Find the limiting link UL or DL?
Set the limit for cell radius
199 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Erceg Pathloss Model Example
Slope parameters: Type B Channel
a=4, b=.0065, c=17.1, f=2.5GHz, hb=60, hm=5;
A=80.4 (2.5GHz), A= 83.3 (3.5GHz)
Pathloss exponent = 3.9
Sigma = 9.6dB shadowing STD average (based on the given reference)

200 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Mean Pathloss
201 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Pathloss Margin and Antenna Gain Reduction
Suggestion is using k=factor of 3.2
This means for outage probability of (see given reference):
5%, fade margin = 10dB (quite high)
1%, fade margin = 16 dB ( reasonable value)
0.1%, margin = 26 dB (this is too high)
Antenna Gain reduction
60 degrees beamwidth = 1 dB (see dimensioning doc)
Note: If Nokia propose 60deg 3G-type antenna, use 1 dB
202 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Link Budget Tool
pathloss
Exceeds 512kbps
203 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Cell Radius
144 dB
16-dB
Margin, 99% cov
From: Channel Model for BWA, IEEE 802.16.3c-01/29r4 document
204 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Cell Area
2.2 km => 1.95x1.7^2 = 5.6 sqkm
Total sites in core = 20/5.6 = 4 sites
Total sites in surrounding = 80/5.6= 14 sites
Therefore both areas are clearly capacity limited
Average site area (~38 sites at 80 percent loading)
Sites at core = 38*3/7 = 16
Sites at surrounding areas = 22
Checking:
Core site area = 20/16 = 1.26 sqkm,
site radius = sqrt(1.26/1.95)=0.8 km
Surrounding sites = 3.63 sqkm
site radius = 1.36 km
Therefore both areas are capacity limited. Capacity limitation highly desirable to meet
reasonably high hw (and CAPEX) utilization

205 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Capacity between 0.8 to 1.4 km from Nokia
simulations
Sectorized site: simulation cell radius is of computed site radius
300m - 9.34 Mbps/site
1:1 TDD Ratio, 10 MHz, PUSC
1000m - 11.29 Mbps/site
1:4 TDD Ratio,10 MHz PUSC
within 12 Mbps
206 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Example - Constructing the Core Network
- 4x5 km with 16 sites -
SINR MAP
Distances in meters
207 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Example - MCS Map - Core
208 2006 WiMAX.ppt
Example - Surrounding Area (Half)
MCS MAP
RSS MAP

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