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The objective of a protection scheme is to keep the power system stable by isolating only the components that are under fault, while leaving as much of the network as possible still in operation.
Short circuits and other abnormal conditions often occur on the power system.. The heavy current associated with short circuits is likely to cause damage to the equipment
PROTECTION BASIC
A circuit breaker can disconnect the faulty element of the section when it is called upon to do so by the protective relay. The function of a protective relay is to detect and locate a fault and issue a command to the circuit breaker to disconnect faulty element
Control
Protected Equipment
Relay
VTs
DC Tripping Circuit
+
SI DC Station Battery
SI
Relay Contact
52a
52 TC
Circuit Breaker
Types of Protection
Based on operation Primary Protection Primary protection is the first line of defense and it should be as fast as possible, preferably instantaneous, for stability and power quality reasons Backup Protection To increase the reliability of a protection system, a backup system is intended to operate in case one or more of the main protection elements fail
When the current in a system exceeds a predetermined value, it indicates the presence of a fault. Relaying decision is based solely on the magnitude of current. Used in radial distribution systems. Over current relaying and fuse protection uses this principle.
Uses both magnitude of current and phase angle information for decision making. Used in radial distribution systems with source at both ends.
Distance Protection
Principle of Operation
The basic principle is that the apparent impedance seen by the relay reduces drastically in case of line fault. If the ratio of apparent impedance to the positive sequence impedance is less than unity, it indicates a fault. This protection scheme is inherently directional. Impedance relay and Mho relay use this principle
Differential Protection
Principle of Operation
It is based on the fact that any fault within an electrical equipment would cause the current entering it to be different from the current leaving it. By comparing the two currents either in magnitude or in phase or in both, fault can be determined.
50
IDIF = 0
CTR
CTR
Protected Equipment
Internal Fault
50
Relay Operates