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INTRODUCTION
IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers C57.13 IEEE Guide for the Application of Current Transformers Used for Protective Relaying Purposes C37.110
INTRODUCTION
Bushing, internal to Breakers and Transformers Free standing, used with live tank breakers. Slipover, mounted externally on breaker/transformers bushings. Window or Bar - single primary turn Wound Primary Optic
MAGNETO-OPTIC CT
Light polarization passing through an optically active material in the presence of a magnetic field . Passive sensor at line voltage is connected to substation equipment by fiber cable. Low energy output used for microprocessor relays Eliminates heavy support for iron.
DEFINITIONS
EXCITATION CURVE EXCITATION VOLTAGE EXCITATION CURRENT
EXCITATION IMPEDANCE
DEFINITIONS
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT/DIAGRAM POLARITY BURDEN
TERMINAL VOLTAGE
CLASSIFICATIONS T AND C
DEFINITIONS
KNEE POINT RELAY ACCURACY CLASS MULTI-TAPS ACCURACY
EXCITATION CURVE
EQUIVALENT DIAGRAM
Ip Rp Xp e Ie d Ze Rs Is g Sec h
c
Pri
Ve = EXCITATION VOLTAGE Vef Ie = CURRENT ( ) Ze = IMPEDANCE Vt = TERMINAL VOLTAGE Vgh POLARITY read a few values next
CURRENT vs VOLTAGE
V (volts) 3.0 7.5 15 42 85 180 310 400 425 450 500 520 Ie(amps) 0.004 0.007 0.011 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.25 0.5 1.00 5.0 10.0 Ze(ohms) 750 1071 1364 2100 2833 3600 3100 1600 850 450 100.0 52.0
Zint I1
Ie+I2
Rsec
Ie
I2
N1 I1 N2
Ze
EXTERNAL BURDEN
RB
LB
POLARITY
DEFINITIONS
EXCITATION CURVE EXCITATION VOLTAGE EXCITATION CURRENT EXCITATION IMPEDANCE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT/DIAGRAM BURDEN - NEXT
BURDEN
The impedances of loads are called BURDEN Individual devices or total connected load, including sec impedance of instrument transformer. For devices burden expressed in VA at specified current or voltage, the burden impedance Zb is: Zb = VA/IxI or VxV/VA
EXTERNAL BURDEN
Burden: 0.27 VA @ 5A = .. Ohms 2.51 VA @ 15A = .. Ohms
BURDEN = VA / I
RB LB
QUIZ
I2
RB
CT winding resistance = 0.3 ohms Lead length = 750 ft # 10 wire Relay burden = 0.05 ohms
DEFINITIONS
CLASSIFICATIONS T AND C
CLASS C
CTs with very minimal leakage flux in the core, such as the through, bar, and bushing types. Performance can be calculated.
KNEE POINT
DEFINITIONS
KNEE POINT IEEE IEC - effective saturation point Quiz- read a few knee point voltages and also at 10 amps Ie.
45 LINE
Excitation Volts
DEFINITIONS
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT/DIAGRAM EXCITATION VOLTAGE, CURRENT, IMPEDANCE TERMINAL VOLTAGE BURDEN CLASSIFICATIONS T AND C EXCITATION CURVE KNEE POINT IEEE IEC ACCURACY CLASS
CT ACCURACY CLASSIFICATION
The measure of a CT performance is its ability to reproduce accurately the primary current in secondary amperes both is wave shape and in magnitude. There are two parts: Performance on symmetrical ac component. Performance on offset dc component. Go over the
paper
AN EXERCISE
2000/5 MR
KNEE POINT .. .. .. ..
C800
... ... ... ...
EFFECTIVE ACCURACY
300/5
..
...
AN EXERCISE
2000/5 MR C800
tap used*c-class/max ratio
TAPS
KNEE POINT
EFFECTIVE ACCURACY
2000/5
1500/5
590
390
800
600
1100/5
500/5
120
132
440
200
300/5
78
120
AN EXERCISE
2000/5 MR
KNEE POINT .. .. .. .. ..
C400
AN EXERCISE
2000/5 MR
KNEE POINT 220 170 125 55 32
C400
POINT OF SATURATION : KNEE POINT IT IS DESIRABLE TO STAY BELOW OR VERY CLOSE TO KNEE POINT FOR THE AVAILABLE CURRENT.
Recap
Zint I1
Ie+Isec
Rsec
Ie <10
Isec = 100
RB EXTERNAL BURDEN LB
N1 I1 N2
Ze
ACCURACY ACLASS: C200 RATED SEC CURRENT = 5 A EXTERNALBURDEN = STANDARD BURDEN = 2 .0 OHMS Ve=200 V Isec = 100 A Ie <10 Amps.
PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS
BUT
THE REST OF US SHOW US THE DATA
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
THE MEASURE OF A CT PERFORMANCE IS ITS ABILITY TO REPRODUCE ACCURATELY THE PRIMARY CURRRENT IN SECONDARY AMPERES - BOTH IN WAVE SHAPE AND MAGNITUDE . CORRECT RATIO AND ANGLE.
CT SELECTION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR PHASE FAULTS 600/5 MR Accuracy class C100 is selected Load Current= 90 A Max 3 phase Fault Current= 2500 A Min. Fault Current=350 A
STEPS: CT Ratio selection Relay Tap Selection Determine Total Burden (Load) CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE Standard CT Performance using Excitation Curve
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEPS: CT Ratio selection Relay Tap Selection Determine Total Burden (Load) CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE Standard CT Performance using Excitation Curve
STEPS: CT Ratio selection - within short time and continuous current thermal limits - max load just under 5A Load Current= 90 A CT ratio selection : 100/5
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION STEP: Relay Tap Selection O/C taps min pickup , higher than the max. load 167%, 150% of specified thermal loading. Load Current= 90 A for 100/5 CT ratio = 4.5 A sec. Select tap higher than max load say = 5.0 How much higher relay characteristics, experience and judgment.
Fault current: min: 350/20 = 17.5 Multiple of PU = 17.5/5 = 3.5 Multiple of PU = 17.5/6 = 2.9
and
580 VA @ 100 A
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION
STEPS: CT Ratio selection Relay Tap Selection Determine Total Burden (Load) CT Performance using ANSI/IEEE Standard CT Performance using Excitation Curve
Xp
Rs
Is
g
Determine voltage @ max fault current CT must develop across its terminals gh
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION STEP: Performance ANSI/IEEE Standard Vgh = 2500/20 * 0.458 = 57.25 600/5 MR C100 CT used at tap 100/5 -- effective accuracy class (100/600) x 100 = ? CT is capable of developing 16.6 volts. Severe Saturation. Cannot be used.
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION STEP: Performance ANSI/IEEE Standard For microprocessor based relay: Burden will change from 0.458 to o.4 Vgh = 2500/20 * 0.4 = 50.0 600/5 MR C100 CT used at tap 100/5 -- effective accuracy class (100/600) x 100 = ? CT is capable of developing 16.6 volts. Severe Saturation. Cannot be used.
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION STEP: Performance ANSI/IEEE Standard Alternative: use 400/5 CT tap: Max Load = 90 A Relay Tap = 90/80 = 1.125 Use: 1.5 relay tap. Min Fault Multiples of PU=(350/80=4.38, 4.38/1.5= 2.9) Relay burden at this tap = 1.56 ohms Total burden at CT terminals = 1.56 + 0.4 = 1.96 Vgh = 2500/80 * 1.96 = 61.25 600/5 MR C100 CT used at tap 400/5-- effective accuracy class is = (400/600) x 100 = ? CT is capable of developing 66.6 volts. Within CT capability
Burden = CT secondary resistance + lead resistance + relay burden Burden = 0.211 + 0.4 + 1.56 = 2.171 For load current 1.5 A: Vgh = 1.5 * 2.171 = 3.26 V Ie = 0.024 Ip = (1.5+0.024) * 80 = 123 A well below the min If = 350 A (350/123=2.84 multiple of pick up)
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION STEP: CT Performance using Excitation Curve For max fault current
Burden = CT secondary resistance + lead resistance + relay burden Burden = 0.211 + 0.4 + 1.56 = 2.171 Fault current 2500/80 = 31.25 A: Vgh = 31.25 * 2.171 = 67.84 V Ie = 0.16
Beyond the knee of curve, small amount 0.5% does not significantly decreases the fault current to the relay.
TEST
I2
RB
Determine CT performance using Excitation Curve method:
CT winding resistance = 0.3 ohms Lead length = 750 ft # 10 wire Relay burden = 0.05 ohms as constant Fault current = 12500A/18000A CT CLASS = C400/C800 2000/5 MR current transformer CT RATIO = 800/5
AN EXAMPLE C400
CT RESISTANCE 0.3 OHMS LEAD RESISTANCE 1.5 OHMS IMPEDANCE OF VARIOUS DEVICES 0.05 OHMS FAULT CURRENT 12500 AMPS CT RATIO 800/5 ACCURACY CLASS C400
supply curves C400/800
BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D DEVICES) Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 12500/160 Ve = 144.5 VOLTS Plot on curve Plot on C400
BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D DEVICES) Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 18000/160 Ve = 209 VOLTS Plot on curve Plot on C400
BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D DEVICES) Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 12500/160 Ve = 144.5 VOLTS Plot on curve Plot on C800
BURDEN = ( Z-LEAD + Z - CT SEC + D DEVICES) Ve = (1.5 + 0.3 + 0.05 ) 18000/160 For 18,000 A (Ve =209 V) Plot on curve Plot on C800
RED DELICIOUS
C400
ZONE1
Z = V/A
DISTANCE
~Z
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
CURRENT SHOULD NOT EXCEED CONNECTED WIRING AND RELAY RATINGS AT MAXIMUM LOAD. NOTE DELTA CONNECTD CTs PRODUCE CURRENTS IN CABLES AND RELAYS THAT ARE 1.732 TIMES THE SECONDARY CURRENTS
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
SELECT RATIO TO BE GREATER THAN THE MAXIMUM DESIGN CURRENT RATINGS OF THE ASSOCIATED BREAKERS AND TRANSFORMERS.
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
RATIOS SHOULD NOT BE SO HIGH AS TO REDUCE RELAY SENSITIVITY, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT AVAILABLE RANGES.
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
THE MAXIMUM SECONDARY CURRENT SHOULD NOT EXCEED 20 TIMES RATED CURRENT. (100 A FOR 5A RATED SECONDARY)
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
HIGHEST CT RATIO PERMISSIBLE SHOULD BE USED TO MINIMIZE WIRING BURDEN AND TO OBTAIN THE HIGHEST CT CAPABILITY AND PERFORMANCE.
RATIO CONSIDERATIONS
FULL WINGING OF MULTI-RATIO CTs SHOULD BE SELECTED WHENEVER POSSIBLE TO AVOID LOWERING OF THE EFFECTIVE ACCURACY CLASS.
TESTING
Core Demagnetizing
The core should be demagnetized as the final test before the equipment is put in service. Using the Saturation test circuit, apply enough voltage to the secondary of the CT to saturate the core and produce a cecondary currrent of 35 amps. Slowly reduce the voltage to zero before turning off the variac.
TESTING
Saturation
The saturation point is reached when there is a rise in the test current but not the voltage.
TESTING
Flashing
This test checks the polarity of the CT