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Creep - Introduction
Time dependent strain occurring under stress.
Function of temperature and time

Creep deformation is plastic in nature and occurs even

though the applied stress is below the yield stress.

Creep - Introduction
When a metal is subjected to a constant tensile load

at an elevated temperature, Undergo a timedependent increase in length. At which temperature the material will creep? Since materials have its own different melting point, each will creep when the homologous temperature > 0.5.

Examples of creep at different applications

Steel melts at ~1500C=1773 K and is known to creep in

steam plant applications of 600C=873 K. The homologous temperature is 873/1773 = 0.50 which is equal to 0.5 so this is consistent with the definition of creep. Silicon nitride melts at ~1850C=2123 K and is known to creep in The homologous temperature is 1573/ 2123 = 0.74 which is greater than 0.5 so this is consistent with the definition of creep.

Examples of creep at different application

Lead/tin solder melts at ~200C=473 K and solder

joints are known to creep at room temperature of 20C=293 K. The homologous temperature is 293/ 473 = 0.62 which is greater than 0.5 so this is consistent with the definition of creep.

Importance of creep
First recognition given to the industrial importance of

creep was by Dickenson in 1922 creep resistance of structural steel and alloy steel members in a furnace. When studying the behavior of materials that are used in high temperature applications.

Steam power plant Oil refinery

Steam turbine used in power plant

Creep test
Apply a force to a test specimen and measure its

dimensional change over time with exposure to a relatively high temperature. Temperature control is critical (fluctuation must be kept to <0.1 to 0.5C). Resolution and stability of the extensometer is an important concern (for low creeping materials, displacement resolution must be on the order of 0.5 m).

Creep test setup

Typical creep curve

Basic results of a creep test are the strain versus time

curve

creep curve

Superposition of various phenomenological aspects of creep

Effect of Temperature and Stress on creep

Creep rate equation

The equation governing the rate of steady state creep

is: Q = activation energy; n = stress exponent; A = constant This can be rearranged into the form :

Activation energy Q and stress exponent n

Structural changes during creep

There are three principal deformation processes at elevated temperature 1) Deformation by slip 2) Subgrain formation 3) Grain boundary sliding
Creep rate and total strain relationship

Deformation by Slip

Grain boundary sliding

Simulation of creeping coil

Simulation of creeping coil

Simulation of creeping coil

Simulation of creeping coil

How to improve creep resistance

Metals such as iron, cobalt, molybdenum , tungsten

used for high temperature application. coarse grained metal have high creep resistance. Steel Increasing the carbon content increases the creep resistance. Single crystal excellent creep resistant because it does not have grain boundry.

Creep deformation characteristics aluminium -matrix composite

Creep in MMC and PMC is likely to be dominated by creep behavior of the matrix.

References
Composite materials science and Engineering by

Krishan k. Chawla.
http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk

Composite science and technology Elsevier Journal.

Thank you