Addressing the network IPv4

CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Chapter 6

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S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1

IP addressing works at

OSI model layer 3 TCP/IP model Internet layer

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical
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Data stream Segment

HTTP, FTP, TFTP, SMTP etc

Application Transport Internet Network Access

2

TCP, UDP

Packet
Frame Bits

IP
Ethernet, WAN technologies

S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1

Addressing topics

Binary and decimal Types of IP addresses Assigning addresses Network part and subnet masks Calculating addresses Ping and Traceroute Utilities

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Binary and decimal

Convert to 8-bit binary 248 187 89 Convert to decimal 00110100 01010101 11001111
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248 to binary
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

248 -128 120

120 -64 56

56 -32 24

24 -16 8

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187 to binary
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

187 -128 59

59 -32 27

27 -16 11

11 -8 3

3 -2 1

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89 to binary
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

89 -64 25

25 -16 9

9 -8 1

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00110100 to decimal
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1
32

1
16

1
4

32 +16 + 4 52

52

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01010101 to decimal
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1
64
64 +16 + 4 + 1 85

1
16

1
4

1
1

85

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11001111 to decimal
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1
128

1
64
128 + 64 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 207

1
8

1
4

1
2

1
1

207

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Binary and decimal

Convert to 8-bit binary 248 11111000 187 10111011 89 01011001 Convert to decimal 00110100 52 01010101 85 11001111 207
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IPv4 address
192. 11000000
octet

168. 10101000
octet

21. 00010101
octet

17 00010001
octet

network part

host part

Prefix /24 Subnet mask:

255. 11111111
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255. 11111111

255. 11111111

0 00000000
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Find the network address

192. 11000000 168. 10101000 21. 00010101 17 00010001

In a network address, all the host bits are 0.

192. 11000000 168. 10101000 21. 00010101 0 00000000

The router needs to do this for every packet.

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Logical AND
192. 11000000 168. 10101000 21. 00010101 17 00010001

255. 11111111 192.

11000000

255. 11111111 168.

10101000

255. 11111111 21.

00010101

0 00000000 0
00000000

Do a logical AND at each position

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Find the broadcast address

192. 11000000 168. 10101000 21. 00010101 17 00010001

In a broadcast address, all the host bits are 1.

192. 11000000 168. 10101000 21. 00010101 255 11111111

The broadcast is the last address in the network.

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3 types of address

Every network has: Network address the first one Broadcast address the last one Host addresses everything in between

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Classful addressing
A
10.
network part

17.

53.
host part

60

172.
network part

16.

38.
host part

201

192.

168.
network part

21.

17
host part
17

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S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1

Classful addressing

Easy to work out but very wasteful. Routers and hosts still assume class subnet masks by default Class A /8 255.0.0.0 Class B /16 255.255.0.0 Class C /24 255.255.255.0

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Classless addressing

Any suitable prefix can be used We (and devices) need to know what the prefix is. More flexible, less wasteful.

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Classless addressing /16

172.16.0.0/16 mask 255.255.0.0 Broadcast address 172.16.255.255

172. 16. 00010000 0. 00000000 0 00000000

10101100

Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.255.254 65534 host addresses

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Classless addressing /24

172.16.0.0/24 mask 255.255.255.0 Broadcast address 172.16.0.255

172. 16. 00010000 0. 00000000 0 00000000

10101100

Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.254 254 host addresses

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Classless addressing /22

172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.252.0 Broadcast address 172.16.3.255

172. 16. 00010000 0. 00000000 0 00000000

10101100

Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.3.254 1022 host addresses

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Classless addressing /26

172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.255.192 Broadcast address 172.16.0.63

172. 16. 00010000 0. 00000000 0 00000000

10101100

Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.62 62 host addresses

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Classless addressing /28

172.16.0.0/28 mask 255.255.255.240 Broadcast address 172.16.0.15

172. 16. 00010000 0. 00000000 0 00000000

10101100

Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.14 14 host addresses

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Calculating addresses

A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/24 What is the subnet mask? What is the network address? What is the broadcast address? What is the range of host addresses in the network?

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192.168.1.70/24 fill in the table

Last octet binary Last octet decimal Full

Host
Subnet mask Network Broadcast First host Last host
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192.168.1.70/24
Last octet binary 01000110 00000000 00000000 11111111 00000001 11111110 Last octet Full decimal 70 192.168.1.70 0 0 255 1 254 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.255 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.254
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Host
Subnet mask Network Broadcast First host Last host
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Calculating addresses

A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/26 What is the subnet mask? What is the network address? What is the broadcast address? What is the range of host addresses in the network?

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192.168.1.70/26 fill in the table

Last octet binary Last octet decimal Full

Host
Subnet mask Network Broadcast First host Last host
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192.168.1.70/26
Last octet binary 01000110 11000000 01000000 01111111 01000001 01111110 Last octet Full decimal 70 192.168.1.70 192 64 127 65 126 255.255.255.192 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.127 192.168.1.65 192.168.1.126
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Host
Subnet mask Network Broadcast First host Last host
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S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1

Calculating addresses

A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/28 What is the subnet mask? What is the network address? What is the broadcast address? What is the range of host addresses in the network?

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192.168.1.70/28 fill in the table

Last octet binary Last octet decimal Full

Host
Subnet mask Network Broadcast First host Last host
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192.168.1.70/28
Last octet binary 01000110 11110000 01000000 01001111 01000001 01001110 Last octet Full decimal 70 192.168.1.70 240 64 79 65 78 255.255.255.240 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.79 192.168.1.65 192.168.1.78
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Host
Subnet mask Network Broadcast First host Last host
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S Ward Abingdon and Witney College CCNA Exploration Semester 1

Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast

Unicast a message addressed to one host Broadcast a message addressed to all hosts on a network. Uses networks broadcast address or 255.255.255.255 locally Multicast a message addressed to a group of hosts. Uses an address starting 224 - 239

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Private IP addresses

Unrestricted use on private networks. Not routed across the Internet. 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8) 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/20) 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/24)

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Public IP addresses

Routed over the Internet Master holder is IANA Assigned to regional registries and then to ISPs ISPs allocate them to organisations and individual users Use is strictly controlled as duplicate addresses are not allowed
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Special addresses

0.0.0.0 all addresses in default route. Hosts cannot be given addresses starting 0. 127.0.0.1 is loopback. Hosts cannot be given addresses starting 127. 240.0.0.0 and higher reserved for experimental purposes. 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255 local only 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 for teaching
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Network address translation

A large number of hosts on a network use private addresses to communicate with each other. The ISP allocates one or a few public addresses. NAT allows the hosts to share the public addresses when they want to use the Internet

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Addressing hosts

Static addressing address is configured by an administrator Servers, printers, routers, switches need static addresses Dynamic addressing address is allocated automatically by DHCP by leasing addresses from a pool Dynamic addressing is best for workstations
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Blocks of addresses
Use Address range Summary 192.168.1.0/25 Network address 192.168.1.0 User hosts 192.168.1.1-127

Servers
Peripherals

192.168.1.128 - 191 192.168.1.128/26

192.168.1.192 - 223 192.168.1.192/27

Network devices 192.168.1.224 - 253 192.168.1.224/27 Router Broadcast

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192.168.1.254 192.168.1.255
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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Last octet binary

Address Subnet mask

192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0

00000000 00000000

Borrow 1 bit from host part, give it to network part, /25

Addresses Subnet mask

192.168.1.0 192.168.1.128 255.255.255.128

00000000 10000000 10000000

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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Borrow 2 bits from host part, give to network part, /26

Addresses

Subnet mask

192.168.1.0 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.192 255.255.255.192

00000000 01000000 10000000 11000000 11000000

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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Borrow 3 bits from host part, give to network part, /27

Addresses

Subnet mask
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192.168.1.0 192.168.1.32 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.96 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.160 192.168.1.192 192.168.1.224 255.255.255.224

00000000 00100000 01000000 01100000 10000000 10100000 11000000 11100000 11100000

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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Borrow 4 bits from host part, give to network part, /28 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.128 00000000 10000000 192.168.1.16 192.168.1.144 00010000 10010000 192.168.1.32 192.168.1.160 00100000 10100000 192.168.1.48 192.168.1.176 00110000 10110000 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.192 01000000 11000000 192.168.1.80 192.168.1.208 01010000 11010000 192.168.1.96 192.168.1.224 01100000 11100000 192.168.1.112 192.168.1.240 01110000 11110000 Subnet mask 255.255.255.240
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11110000 And so on
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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24

Every time you borrow another bit you: Double the number of subnets Halve the size of the subnets Each subnet has a network address, a broadcast address, and everything in between is a host address. Here are some ways of visualising the process.
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Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Bits borrowed 1 2
4 /26

3
8 /27

4
16 /28

5
32 /29

6
64 /30

No of networks 2 Prefix /25

Bit value/ network size No of hosts

Subnet mask

128
126 128

64
62 192

32
30 224

16
14 240

8
6 248

4
2 252

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Address space

Make a spreadsheet or table with numbers 0 to 255 Link to show table

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Subnet chart

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Subnetting

There are many subnet calculators, but you will not be able to use them in exams. Start with the biggest subnet and work down to the smallest. Make sure the subnets are valid sizes with valid subnet masks. Make sure that there are no overlaps.

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Ping and traceroute

Ping sends an ICMP message. If all is well, the destination replies. If not, a router may reply to say the destination is unreachable, or the ping may time out. Traceroute sends a series of messages so that each router along the path replies. You get a list of addresses of all the routers.

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IPv6

Development started in 1990s because of concerns about IPv4 addresses running out A whole new protocol suite not just layer 3 Uses 128-bit hierarchical addressing, written using hexadecimal Simpler header Integrated security authentication, privacy Quality of service mechanisms
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The End

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