Lecture 5 - Blackbody Radiation - Energy Balance

Lecture 5 -- Blackbody Radiation/ Planetary Energy Balance
Abiol 574
Electromagnetic Spectrum
visible light
1000
100
10
0.1
0.01
0.7 to 0.4 m
(m)
visible light ultraviolet
1000
100
10
0.1
0.01
(m)
infrared
1000
100
10
0.1
0.01
(m)
microwaves
infrared
x-rays
1000
100
10
0.1
0.01
(m)
microwaves
infrared
x-rays
1000
100
10
0.1
0.01
Low Energy
(m)
High Energy
Blackbody Radiation
Blackbody radiationradiation emitted by a body that emits (or absorbs) equally well at all wavelengths
The Planck Function
Blackbody radiation follows the Planck function
Basic Laws of Radiation

1) All objects emit radiant energy.

2) Hotter objects emit more energy than colder objects.

2) Hotter objects emit more energy than colder objects. The amount of energy radiated is proportional to the temperature of the object.

2) Hotter objects emit more energy than colder objects. The amount of energy radiated is proportional to the temperature of the object raised to the fourth power.
This is the Stefan Boltzmann Law
F = T4
F = flux of energy (W/m2) T = temperature (K) = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4 (a constant)

2) Hotter objects emit more energy than colder objects (per unit area). The amount of energy radiated is proportional to the temperature of the object.
3) The hotter the object, the shorter the wavelength () of emitted energy.

2) Hotter objects emit more energy than colder objects (per unit area). The amount of energy radiated is proportional to the temperature of the object.
3) The hotter the object, the shorter the wavelength () of emitted energy.
This is Wiens Law
max 3000 m T(K)
Stefan Boltzmann Law.
F = T4
Wiens Law
max 3000 m T(K)
We can use these equations to calculate properties of energy radiating from the Sun and the Earth.
6,000 K
300 K
T (K)
Sun 6000
max (m)
region in spectrum
F (W/m2)
Earth
300
T (K)
Sun 6000
max (m)
0.5
region in spectrum
F (W/m2)
Earth
300
10
microwaves
infrared
x-rays
1000
100
10
0.1
0.01
Low Energy
(m)
High Energy
T (K)
Sun 6000
max (m)
0.5
region in spectrum
F (W/m2)
Visible
(yellow?)
Earth
300
10
infrared
Blue light from the Sun is removed from the beam by Rayleigh scattering, so the Sun appears yellow when viewed from Earths surface even though its radiation peaks in the green
T (K)
Sun 6000
max (m)
0.5
region in spectrum
F (W/m2)
Visible
(green)
Earth
300
10
infrared
Stefan Boltzman Law.
F = T4
T (K)
Sun 6000
max (m)
0.5
region in spectrum
F (W/m2)
Visible 7 x 107
(green)
Earth
300
10
infrared
460
Solar Radiation and Earths Energy Balance
Planetary Energy Balance

We can use the concepts learned so far to calculate the radiation balance of the Earth
Some Basic Information:

Area of a circle = r2 Area of a sphere = 4 r2
Energy Balance: The amount of energy delivered to the Earth is equal to the energy lost from the Earth. Otherwise, the Earths temperature would continually rise (or fall).
Energy Balance: Incoming energy = outgoing energy
Ein = Eout
Eout
Ein
(The rest of this derivation will be done on the board. However, I will leave these slides in here in case anyone wants to look at them.)
How much solar energy reaches the Earth?
How much solar energy reaches the Earth? As energy moves away from the sun, it is spread over a greater and greater area.
As energy moves away from the sun, it is spread over a greater and greater area.
This is the Inverse Square Law
So = L / area of sphere
So = L / (4 rs-e2) = 3.9 x 1026 W
4 x x (1.5 x 1011m)2
= 1370 W/m2
So is the solar constant for Earth
So = L / (4 rs-e2) = 3.9 x 1026 W
4 x x (1.5 x 1011m)2
= 1370 W/m2
So is the solar constant for Earth It is determined by the distance between Earth (rs-e) and the Sun and the Sun luminosity.
Each planet has its own solar constant
How much solar energy reaches the Earth? Assuming solar radiation covers the area of a circle defined by the radius of the Earth (re)
Ein
re
How much solar energy reaches the Earth? Assuming solar radiation covers the area of a circle defined by the radius of the Earth (re) Ein = So (W/m2) x re2 (m2)
Ein
re
How much energy does the Earth emit?
300 K
How much energy does the Earth emit? Eout = F x (area of the Earth)
How much energy does the Earth emit? Eout = F x (area of the Earth) F = T4
Area = 4 re2
How much energy does the Earth emit? Eout = F x (area of the Earth) F = T4
Area = 4 re2
Eout = ( T4) x (4 re2)
Earth
Sun
1000
100
10
0.1
0.01
(m)
Hotter objects emit more energy than colder objects
Earth
Sun
1000
100
10
0.1
0.01
(m)
Hotter objects emit more energy than colder objects F = T4
Hotter objects emit at shorter wavelengths.

max = 3000/T Earth Sun
1000
100
10
0.1
0.01
(m)
Hotter objects emit more energy than colder objects F = T4
How much energy does the Earth emit? Eout = F x (area of the Earth)
Eout
How much energy does the Earth emit? Eout = F x (area of the Earth) F = T4 Area = 4 re2 Eout = ( T4) x (4 re2) Eout
Ein
How much solar energy reaches the Earth? We can assume solar radiation covers the area of a circle defined by the radius of the Earth (re).
Ein
re
How much solar energy reaches the Earth? We can assume solar radiation covers the area of a circle defined by the radius of the Earth (re). Ein = So x (area of circle)
Ein
re
Remember So = L / (4 rs-e2) = 3.9 x 1026 W
4 x x (1.5 x 1011m)2
= 1370 W/m2
So is the solar constant for Earth It is determined by the distance between Earth (rs-e) and the Sun and the Suns luminosity.
How much solar energy reaches the Earth? We can assume solar radiation covers the area of a circle defined by the radius of the Earth (re). Ein = So x (area of circle)
Ein = So (W/m2) x re2 (m2)
Ein
re
How much solar energy reaches the Earth? Ein = So re2 BUT THIS IS NOT QUITE CORRECT! **Some energy is reflected away**
Ein
re
How much solar energy reaches the Earth? Albedo (A) = % energy reflected away Ein = So re2 (1-A)
Ein
re
How much solar energy reaches the Earth? Albedo (A) = % energy reflected away A= 0.3 today Ein = So re2 (1-A)
Ein = So re2 (0.7)
Ein
re
Energy Balance: Incoming energy = outgoing energy
Ein = Eout
Eout
Ein
Energy Balance:
Ein = Eout
Ein = So re2 (1-A)
Eout
Ein
Energy Balance:
Ein = Eout
Ein = So re2 (1-A)
Eout = T4(4 re2)
Eout
Ein
Energy Balance:
Ein = Eout
So re2 (1-A) = T4 (4 re2)
Eout
Ein
Energy Balance:
Ein = Eout
So re2 (1-A) = T4 (4 re2)
Eout
Ein
Energy Balance:
Ein = Eout
So (1-A) = T4 (4)
Eout
Ein
Energy Balance:
Ein = Eout
So (1-A) = T4 (4) T4 = So(1-A) 4 Eout
Ein
T4 = So(1-A) 4
If we know So and A, we can calculate the temperature of the Earth. We call this the expected temperature (Texp). It is the temperature we would expect if Earth behaves like a blackbody.
This calculation can be done for any planet, provided we know its solar constant and albedo.
T4 = So(1-A) 4
For Earth: So = 1370 W/m2 A = 0.3 = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4
T4 = So(1-A) 4
For Earth: So = 1370 W/m2 A = 0.3 = 5.67 x 10-8 T4 = (1370 W/m2)(1-0.3) 4 (5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4)
T4 = So(1-A) 4
For Earth: So = 1370 W/m2 A = 0.3 = 5.67 x 10-8
T4 =
(1370 W/m2)(1-0.3) 4 (5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4)
T4 = 4.23 x 109 (K4) T = 255 K
Expected Temperature:
Texp = 255 K
(oC) = (K) - 273
Expected Temperature:
Texp = 255 K
(oC) = (K) - 273
So.
Texp = (255 - 273) = -18 oC
(which is about 0 oF)
Is the Earths surface really -18 oC?

NO. The actual temperature is warmer!
The observed temperature (Tobs) is 15 oC, or about 59 oF.

NO. The actual temperature is warmer!
The observed temperature (Tobs) is 15 oC, or about 59 oF.

The difference between observed and expected temperatures (T): T = Tobs - Texp
T = 15 - (-18)
T = + 33 oC
T = + 33 oC In other words, the Earth is 33 oC warmer than expected based on black body calculations and the known input of solar energy.
T = + 33 oC In other words, the Earth is 33 oC warmer than expected based on black body calculations and the known input of solar energy. This extra warmth is what we call the GREENHOUSE EFFECT.
T = + 33 oC In other words, the Earth is 33 oC warmer than expected based on black body calculations and the known input of solar energy. This extra warmth is what we call the GREENHOUSE EFFECT.
It is a result of warming of the Earths surface by the absorption of radiation by molecules in the atmosphere.
The greenhouse effect:
Heat is absorbed or trapped by gases in the atmosphere.

Earth naturally has a greenhouse effect of +33 oC.
The concern is that the amount of greenhouse warming will increase with the rise of CO2 due to human activity.

Lecture 5 - Blackbody Radiation - Energy Balance

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Lecture 5 - Blackbody Radiation - Energy Balance

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Lecture 5 -- Blackbody Radiation/ Planetary Energy Balance

visible light ultraviolet

visible light ultraviolet

visible light ultraviolet

visible light ultraviolet

The Planck Function

Blackbody radiation follows the Planck function

Basic Laws of Radiation

Basic Laws of Radiation

2) Hotter objects emit more energy than colder objects.

Basic Laws of Radiation

Basic Laws of Radiation

Basic Laws of Radiation

Basic Laws of Radiation

This is Wiens Law

max 3000 m T(K)

Stefan Boltzmann Law.

max 3000 m T(K)

visible light ultraviolet

Stefan Boltzman Law.

Solar Radiation and Earths Energy Balance

Planetary Energy Balance

Some Basic Information:

Energy Balance: Incoming energy = outgoing energy

How much solar energy reaches the Earth?

How much solar energy reaches the Earth?

So = L / (4 rs-e2) = 3.9 x 1026 W

So is the solar constant for Earth

So = L / (4 rs-e2) = 3.9 x 1026 W

Each planet has its own solar constant

How much energy does the Earth emit?

Hotter objects emit more energy than colder objects

Hotter objects emit more energy than colder objects F = T4

Hotter objects emit at shorter wavelengths.

Hotter objects emit more energy than colder objects F = T4

How much solar energy reaches the Earth?

Remember So = L / (4 rs-e2) = 3.9 x 1026 W

Ein = So (W/m2) x re2 (m2)

Ein = So re2 (0.7)

Energy Balance: Incoming energy = outgoing energy

(1370 W/m2)(1-0.3) 4 (5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4)

T4 = 4.23 x 109 (K4) T = 255 K

(which is about 0 oF)

Is the Earths surface really -18 oC?

Is the Earths surface really -18 oC?

The observed temperature (Tobs) is 15 oC, or about 59 oF.

Is the Earths surface really -18 oC?

The observed temperature (Tobs) is 15 oC, or about 59 oF.

The greenhouse effect:

Heat is absorbed or trapped by gases in the atmosphere.

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