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By Daython Winston

What is a Phrase ?
A phrase is a word group that works as a single part of speech. They do NOT contain a verb and its subject. e.g Will be playing The girl with the pink hair Over the fence

Phrase or Not a Phrase ?


o was thinking o If she really understands o with Britney and me o Since Britney lost o Will be losing o After the kids left o Inside the house o As the judge decides

What is a clause?
* Its a group of words that CONTAINS a subject and a verb.

: Basically, the formula of Relative Pronoun is so simple

Who + verb (its for people) Whom + I / you / we /they . (its also for people) That or Which + verb or pronoun (its for both people and things). Which is also often followed by: is / was or are / were or has / had Where + I / you / we / they . (to refer a place) Whose + possession

There two types of relative clauses

a) Defining relative clauses


They are essential to the meaning because they define the subject. They give important information about the subject; therefore, they are not separated by commas.

E.g. I met the boy who /that lives next door.

B) Non-defining relative clauses


They give extra information, which is not necessary; therefore, they are separated by commas. e.g E.g. John Smith, who is my friend, lives next door.

What is a sentence ?
A sentence is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought.

There some types of sentences

o My name is Miriam o Have a seat, please o Are you a student ? o We won the World Cup !

Sentence Structure

1. A Simple Sentence
It is a sentence that has one subject- verb combination . The subject may be compound ( My brother and I are completely different ). The verb may also be compound ( They laughed and cried at the same time). * Important : Only one subject-verb combination in a simple sentence.

Examples:
o My younger sister speaks English well. o My mother and father speak English well. o My older brother is a lawyer and has a good job. o My mother and father speak and write English well.

2. A Compound Sentence
It is two simple sentences connected by a comma and a coordination conjunction. *A coordinating conjunction is a type of connecting word. ( for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

Examples:
o My family goes camping every summer, and we usually have fun. o Next year we will take a cruise, or we may just stay at home.

3. A complex Sentence
It has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. A comma is needed if the dependent clause comes first.

Examples:
o Art students should visit Paris because it has excellent art museums. o We went on a hike although it was cold and windy yesterday.

Two Types of Clauses

1. Dependent Clause

An independent clause has one subject-verb combination and expresses a complete thought.

Paris has excellent art museums. It was cold and windy yesterday.

2. Dependent Clause

A dependent clause does not express a complete, so it is not a sentence by itself.

.because it has excellent art museums .although it was cold and windy yesterday

Subordinating Conjunctions

Simple, compound, or complex ?


My sister is from San Ramon. Sophia has studied mathematics for six years, now she wants to enjoy her life. Is she studying English or chemistry? John wanted to speak Chinese, yet he was not good at languages.

Aaroon, who comes from San Jose, has studied to feel happy because he got married last week.

Pearl is a computer programming language, but it is also a precious gem.


When an American business person is doing business, he tries to keep eyes contact with his client.

Dependent Clause Types

1. Noun clause
o A noun clause acts as the subject or object of a verb or the object of a preposition. o Answers questions like "who(m)?" or "what?
Noun I know Latin. Noun clause I know that Latin is no longer spoken as a native language.

2. Adjective clause
o It takes the place of an adjective in another clause or phrase and modifies a noun or pronoun. o Answers questions like "which(one)?"what kind of?"
Adjective the red coat Adjective clause the coat which I bought yesterday

3. Adverb clause
It takes the place of an adverb in another clause or phrase. o Usually, a subordinating conjunction will introduce an adverb clause. o

o Answers questions like "when?", "where?", "why?", "with what goal/result?", and "under what conditions?
Adverb The premier gave a speech here. Adverb clause The premier gave a speech where the workers were striking.

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