Gears

Module 3

Topics to Discuss
Gears 6.1 Law of gearing, Conjugate profile and its graphic construction, Involute and Cycloid gear tooth profile, Construction of Involute profile. 6.2 Path of contact, arc of contact, contact ratio for involutes and cycloid tooth profile, Interference in involutes gears. Critical Numbers of teeth for interference free motion, Methods to control interference in involutes gears. 6.3 Static force analysis in gears- spur, bevel, helical, worm & worm gears
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Friction wheels

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What is a Gear ?
A gear is a wheel with evenly sized and spaced teeth machined or formed around its perimeter. Gears are used in rotating machinery not only to transmit motion from one point to another, but also for the mechanical advantage they offer. Two or more gears transmitting motion from one shaft to another is called a gear train, and gearing is a system of wheels or cylinders with meshing teeth. Gearing is chiey used to transmit rotating motion but can also be adapted to translate reciprocating motion into rotating motion and vice versa. Gears are versatile mechanical components capable of performing many different kinds of power transmission or motion control.Examples of these are
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Functions of Gears
Changing rotational speed Changing rotational direction Changing the angular orientation of rotational motion Multiplication or division of torque or magnitude of rotation Converting rotational to linear motion, and its reverse Offsetting or changing the location of rotating motion
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Gear ratio

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Velocity ratio of Gearing

The number of teeth in both gears determines the rotary distance traveled by each gear and their angular speed or velocity ratio. The angular speeds of gears are inversely proportional to the numbers of their teeth. Because the smaller driving gear A in Fig. will revolve twice as fast as the larger driven gear B, velocity ratio VR is:
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Mechanical Advantage for Gearing

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Classification of Gears
All gears can be classied as either external gears or internal or annual gears: External gears have teeth on the outside surface of the disk or wheel. Internal or annual gears have teeth on the inside surface of a ring or cylinder.

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External and Internal gears

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According to the shaft disposal

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According to the peripheral velocity of the gears.

(a) Low velocity, (b) Medium velocity, and (c) High velocity. The gears having velocity less than 3 m/s are termed as low velocity gears and gears having velocity between 3 and 15 m/s are known as medium velocity gears. If the velocity of gears is more than 15 m/s, then these are called high speed gears.
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According to position of teeth on the gear surface.

The teeth on the gear surface may be (a) straight, (b) inclined, and (c) curved. We have discussed earlier that the spur gears have straight teeth where as helical gears have their teeth inclined to the wheel rim. In case of spiral gears, the teeth are curved over the rim surface.

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Classification of Gears

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Terms Used in Gears

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Terms Used in Gears

1. Pitch circle. It is an imaginary circle which by pure rolling action, would give the same motion as the actual gear. 2. Pitch circle diameter. It is the diameter of the pitch circle. The size of the gear is usually specified by the pitch circle diameter. It is also known as pitch diameter. 3. Pitch point.. It is a common point of contact between two pitch circles 4. Pitch surface. It is the surface of the rolling discs which the meshing gears have replaced at the pitch circle.

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Terms Used in Gears

5. Pressure angle or angle of obliquity. It is the angle between the common normal to two gear teeth at the point of contact and the common tangent at the pitch point. It is usually denoted by . The standard pressure angles are 1 2 14 and 20. 6. Addendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the top of the tooth. 7. Dedendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the bottom of the tooth. 8. Addendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the top of the teeth and is concentric with the pitch circle. 9. Dedendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the bottom of the teeth. It is also called root circle.
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Law of Gearing

In order to have a constant angular velocity ratio for all positions of the wheels, the point P must be the fixed point (called pitch point) for the two wheels. In other words, the common normal at the point of contact between a pair of teeth must always pass through the pitch point. This is the fundamental condition which must be satisfied while designing the profiles for 4/12/2013 Prof.Irfan Shaikh 20 the teeth of gear wheels. It is also known as law of gearing.

Cycloidal Teeth Profile

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Involute Teeth Profile

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Involute Profile on Gear Teeths

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Centre distance of Involute Teeth gears

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Force Transmission across the Involute Teeth Gears

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Advantages of Involute Teeth Gear

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Advantages of Cycloidal Teeth Gear

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Systems of Gear Teeth

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Standard Proportions of Gear Systems

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Length of path of contact

The length of path of contact is the length of common normal cutoff by the addendum circles of the wheel and the pinion. Thus the length of path of contact is KL which is the sum of the parts of the path of contacts KP and PL. The part of the path of contact KP is known as path of approach and the part of the path of contact PL is known as path of recess.
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Effect of Altering the Centre Distance on the Velocity Ratio for Involute Teeth Gears

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Length of Arc of Contact

Considering the arc of contact GPH, it is divided into two parts i.e. arc GP and arc PH. The arc GP is known as arc of approach and the arc PH is called arc of recess. The angles subtended by these arcs at O1 are called angle of approach and angle of recess respectively.

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Contact Ratio (or Number of Pairs of Teeth in Contact)

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Interference in Involute Gears

The points M and N are called interference points.

This effect is known as interference, and occurs when the teeth are being cut. In brief, the phenomenon when the tip of tooth undercuts the root on its mating gear is known 4/12/2013 Prof.Irfan Shaikh 36 as interference.

Condition to avoid interference

In other words, interference may only be prevented, if the addendum circles of the two mating gears cut the common tangent to the base circles between the points of tangency. When interference is just avoided, the maximum length of path of contact is MN when the maximum addendum circles for pinion and wheel pass through the points of tangency N and M respectively as shown in Fig.
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Maximum length of arc of contact

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Minimum Number of Teeth on the Pinion in Order to Avoid Interference

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Simple gear train

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Compound gear train

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