Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr.Nurjannah,Sp.A
Topics
Inflammations and remodeling in asthma Classification of asthma Goal of asthma management Longterm management: When? Medications Side effects How early? Inhalation therapy: handicaps??
EVOLUTION OF ASTHMA
1950Reversible respiratory tract obstruction spontaneous or after bronchodilator treatment
1960-
1970-
Chronic conditions: recurrent bronchospasm due to narrowing respiratory tract as a stimuli response Bronchospasm preventive concept
WHO, 1975
1990-an
Chronic inflammation cellular infiltrate, oedema, epithelial damage, fibrosis Anti-inflammatory drugs
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
1989: 1992:
1998:
Chronic inflammatory of respiratory tract Many cells and cellular elements play a role (mast cell, eosinophils, T lymphocytes)
GINA, 2002
2002
Diagnosis of Asthma
Cough
Inflammation
desquamation of epithelium Mucosal gland hyperplasia Mucus plug
Inflammation picture
Normal Asthma
Inflammation in asthma
Acute inflammation
Time
Barnes PJ
Topics
Konsep inflamasi dan remodeling pada asma Classification of asthma Tujuan tatalaksana Longterm management: Kapan? Obat Efek samping How early? Terapi inhalasi: kendala
Classification of asthma
Severity of attacks (Acute)
Mild Moderate Severe Respiratory arrest imminent
Classification of disease
Clinical parameter ,Infrequent episodic Frequent episodic Persistent asthma And lung function asthma asthma
Freq of attacks Duration of attacks Between episodes Sleep and activity Physical exam Controller Lung function (No attacks)
Variability (attacks)
Daily
Daily Frequent nocturnal symptoms
Affect Abnormal
Steroid/combination Steroid/combination
Topics
Konsep inflamasi dan remodeling pada asma Klasifikasi asma Goal of asthma management Longterm management: Kapan? Obat Efek samping How early? Terapi inhalasi: kendala
Last goal.
Asthma management
Allergen avoidance
Pharmac otherapy
COST S
Education
Immunotherapy
GINA, 2002
Bahasan
Konsep inflamasi dan remodeling pada asma Klasifikasi asma Tujuan tatalaksana Longterm management: When?
Obat
Efek samping How early? Terapi inhalasi: kendala
Cost ? Availability ?
When??
Classifications Infrequent episodic asthma Frequent episodic asthma Persistent asthma Controller No Yes Yes Reliever Yes Yes Yes
Topics
Konsep inflamasi dan remodeling pada asma Klasifikasi asma Tujuan tatalaksana Longterm management: Kapan? Medication How early? Efek samping Terapi inhalasi: kendala
Medications
Bronchodilators Antiinflammations Anti-remodeling Anti IgE Immunizations: ??
TREATING ASTHMA
with Bronchodilators alone
is like
!!!
Anti-inflammations
Antihistamine Disodium Cromoglycate (DSCG) Corticosteroids Anti PDE 4 (Phosphodiesterase)
Long-term placebo-controlled trial of ketotifen in the management of preschool children with asthma
Loftus BG, Price JF J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 79:350-5
Ketotifen has no place in the management of young children with frequent asthma
Insufficient evidence that DSCG has a beneficial effect as maintenance treatment in children with asthma
Steroids
????
Corticosteroids
The most effective anti-inflammatory medications Improving lung function Airway hiperresponsiveness: Reducing symptoms Frequency and severity of exacerbations: Improving quality of life
Longterm management
ORAL STEROID
Benefit
Steroid dose
Side-effects
Before
After
P Howarth, 1999
Pathological feature
Bahasan
Konsep inflamasi dan remodeling pada asma Klasifikasi asma Tujuan tatalaksana Longterm management: Kapan? Obat Side effect
How early?
Terapi inhalasi: kendala
Longterm steroid
Side effects
hoarseness Iritation of pharynx Candidiasis Headache Growth disturbances??
RATIO
1.3
1.1 0.9
0.7
ns
6,0 6,2
ns
6,1 5,8
12 months
Roux C et al. Pediatrics, 2003;111:706-13
24 months
12 10 8 6 4 2 0
ns
11.6 10.4
ns
8.9 8.5
Lumbar spine
Roux C et al. Pediatrics, 2003;111:706-13
Femoral neck
Corticosteroids
Foe
or
Friend
Bahasan
Konsep inflamasi dan remodeling pada asma Klasifikasi asma Tujuan tatalaksana Longterm management: Kapan? Obat Efek samping How early? Terapi inhalasi: kendala
Early Intervention
Early intervention can be applied soon after clinical asthma has occurred The goals: reducing asthma symptoms and exacerbations safely Repair processes to allow for normal lung growth and development to proceed.
Improved growth of lung function and asthmatic child treated (Devulapalli et al. ERJ 2004;23:869-75)
Contra prophylaxis
Not all children with recurrent wheezing become asthma (after 6 years-old) Abnormal lung function did not indicate irreversible lower airways obstruction Not all studies proved the benefit of ICS in lung function at adulthood (Kaditis et al. Pediatr Pulmonol 2003;35:24152) Early wheezing did not result deficit of lung function in the future (Turner et al. AJRCCM 2004;169:921-7) No significant difference in lung function and clinical symptoms (Hofhuis et al. AJRCCM 2005;171:328-33)
Wheezing prevalence
at birth
Non-Atopic Wheezers
Asthma
Post RSV 0 3 6 11
Age (years)
Fig. 6. Hypothetical peak prevalence by age for the 3 different wheezing phenotypes. The prevalence for each age interval should be the area under the curve. This does not imply that the groups are exclusive.
Taussig LM, et al. JACI 2003;111:661-75
Pro prophylaxis
Improvement of clinical symptoms and no side effect (Bisgaard AJRCCM 1999;160:126-31) Decreased of clinical symptoms, acute exacerbation, sleep disturbances, and improvement of lung function (OByrne et al. AJRCCM 2005;171:129-38) Significantly reduced asthma symptoms, -2 agonist using and improved FEV1 (Kaditis et al. Pediatr Pulmonol
2003;35:241-52)
Improved respiratory symptoms without side effects on growth and bone metabolism (Teper et al. Pediatr
Pulmonol 2004;37:1115)
Kejadian wheezing
Transient Wheezers
Non-Atopic Wheezing berulang Wheezers Major : Dermatitis atopi Orang tua asma Minor Eosinofil darah Wheezing Rinitis alergika Asma: jika 2 major atau 1 major +2 minor
Asma
3 Umur (tahun)
11
Fig. 6. Hypothetical peak prevalence by age for the 3 different wheezing phenotypes. The prevalence for each age interval should be the area under the curve. This does not imply that the groups are exclusive.
Taussig LM, et al. JACI 2003; 111:661-675
Management (research)
Anti IgE (Omalizumab)
rhuMAb-E25 (recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody)
Topics
Konsep inflamasi dan remodeling pada asma Klasifikasi asma Tujuan tatalaksana Longterm management: Kapan? Obat Efek samping How early? Inhalation therapy: handicaps
Nebulizer
Jet Ultrasonic
MERAH
KUNING
MERAH BIRU
Limitations
Provider aspects
Miss perception Lost of patient
Community aspects
Dangerous Addictive Socio-cultural
Medications aspects
Availability Distribution Price
Tools
Algorithm complexity Equipment problems
INHALATION
Family Financial
ORAL
Quality of life
Patient
Quality of therapy
Conclusions
Asthma: Chronic inflammation and remodelling Ketotifen and Disodium cromoglycate: Insufficient evidence as longterm management Corticosteroids with/without combination: drug of choice as longterm management Indonesia: Guidelines of childhood asthma management
Harus Berjuang
Longterm steroid
Bone densitometry
Bone densitometry
3/38 cases (7.9%) DEXA: chronological age below -1.0 13/37 patients (35.1%) DEXA: lumbar spine (L2-4) chronological age below -1.0
Longterm steroid
BALP (IU/L)
OSTEO (ng/m)l
DPD/Cr (nmol/mmol)
Petanda biokemis
Longterm steroid
No significant correlation between any of the biochemical markers and DEXA z- score (chronological or bone age)
Longterm steroid
80
60
40
20 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Z-score Cumulative probability graphs of lumbar spinal density In study population vs. reference population
Longterm steroid
80
60
40
20
0 -4 -3 -2 -1
Z-score
Cumulative probability graphs of lumbar spinal density In study population vs. reference population
Efikasi steroid
Keungtungan
dosis
Efek samping
Mucus plug
Subepithelial fibrosis Sensory nerve activation Cholinergic reflex Bronchoconstriction Hypertrophy / hyperplasia
Barnes PJ
LABA
CS
Inflammatory cell infiltration / activation Mucosa oedem Cellular proliferation Epithelial damage Basement membrane thickening
Symptoms / exacerbations
1980
1985 1990
Bronchospasm Inflammation
1995
Remodelling
2000