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Submitted to : Mr. Alok Ranjan Tiwari Sir (H.O.D. of Mech. Engg. Dept.)
Synopsis
Real Gas Ideal or Perfect Gas Ideal Gas Laws :1. Boyles Law 2. Charles Law 3. Gay-Lussacs Law 4. Avogadros Law
Thermodynamic Processes :1. Isochoric Process 2. Isobaric Process 3. Isothermal / hyperbolic Process 4. Adiabatic / Isentropic Process
Synopsis Contd
Conclusion Bibliography.
1. Carnot Vapour Cycle 2. Rankine Cycle 3. Modified Rankine Cycle 4. Reheat Cycle 5. Binary Vapour Cycle
Real Gas
The behavior of all gases at high pressure and at low temperature is different. All these gases are called Real Gas. Examples : Air, O2 , H2
According to Experimental Result, all real gases tends to behave similarly at very low pressure and at high temperature, where volume tends to infinity. It shows that behaviour of all gases tends to be ideal at the state of zero pressure & infinity volume. Such state of gas is called Ideal State. And the behaviour of real gas at ideal state is called Ideal or Perfect State. Thus Ideal gas is such gas which would behave in an ideal manner at all pressures and temperatures.
Boyles Law
Boyles Law states that the absolute pressure of a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume, if temperature of the gas is kept constant.
P
1 V
This law represents Isothermal process whose P-V curve represents Rectangular Hyperbola.
Charles Law states that the volume of a given mass of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature if the pressure of the gas is kept constant.
V
Charles Law
(if, P = Constant) ;
V1 T1
V2 T2
= Constant
V T
= C (Constant)
Gay - Lussacs Law states that the absolute pressure of a given mass of an ideal gas is proportional to temperature if the volume of gas is kept constant.
P
(if, V = Constant) ;
P1 T1
P2 T2
= Constant
P T
= C (Constant)
Avogadros Law
Avogadros Law states that equal volume of different ideal gases at the same pressure and temperature contains the same number of molecules.
Number of moles (n) =
{m= n.M }
Characteristics Gas Equation :
P1 .V1 T1
P2 .V2 T2
Thermodynamic Processes
Isochoric Process : follows Gay-Lussacs law
P1 T1
P2 T2
= Constant
V2 T2
= Constant
1. Carnot Cycle
2. Otto Cycle
3. Diesel Cycle
Efficiency () = 1 -
Cv (T5-T1)
(T3-T2) + (T4-T3)
5. Brayton Cycle
Process 1-2 :
Q1-2 = change in entropy x absolute temperature = (s2-s1)T1 = (s2-s1)T2
Process 3-4 :
Q3-4 = (s2-s1)T3 = (s2-s1)T4
Efficiency () =
(s2-s1)(T1-T3) (s2-s1)T1
(T1-T3) T1
2. Rankine Cycle
Efficiency () =
(h2-h3) (h3-hf3)
Efficiency () =
4. Reheat Cycle
Efficiency () = Hg(1 - s) + s
Conclusion
Since we went through various topics related to Thermodynamic Cycles, now we can draw conclusion that with all the existing developments in the field of Thermal Engineering there can be various other technologies to be adopted and if they are adopted, it would bring out further new innovations in the field of thermal engineering. Research into future alternative thermodynamic cycle can bring out other revolutionary inventions stuffing thermal engineering resulting in increased efficiencies of the products developed with the help of thermal engineering. There are also certain technical problems which should be solved in future. Firstly, it can be integration of more than one thermodynamic cycles in the developed system which would increase the efficiency of the the system based on the thermodynamic cycle. Furthur then the system will become more interactive and intuitive.
Bibliography
Websites :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_en gineering The Thermal Magic (London magazine), November Vol 1, No. 2, 2005, pp. 16-45
Books:
Engineering Thermodynamics (P.K. Nag) Thermal Engineering (R.K. Rajput) Thermodynamics (Cengel Y )