DIFFERENTIAL SCALE &SUMMATED SCALE GENERAL OBJECTIVE At the end of the class the student will gainadequate knowledge

e regarding differentialand summated scales, appreciate theknowledge & apply this knowledge inevaluation of students and in nursing research

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
On the completion of the class the studentwill1.describe differential & summated scales2.explain the steps in construction of the scales3.enumerate the advantages & disadvantagesof differential & summated scales4.differentiate between summated &differential scales

DEFINITIONS
RATINGis the term applied to expression of opinion or judgement regarding some situation,object or character. Opinions are usually expressed on a scale of values Barr & others ARATING SCALEis a device by which the opinionconcerning a trait can be systematised.A rating scale is a set of categories designed toelicit information about a quantitative or aqualitative attribute.

TYPES OF RATING SCALE

Numerical rating scale Graphic rating scale Descriptive graphic rating scale Comparative rating scale

NUMERICAL R.S
To what extent does the student participate indiscussion?1 2 3 4 5

GRAPHICAL R. S
To what extent does the student participate indiscussion? Never seldom occasionally frequently always

Descriptive graphic rating scale

o what extent does the student participate indiscussion? Directions: make your ratings on each of the following characteristics by placing a (x)anywhere along the horizontal line under each item.in the space for comment include any thing that helps clarify your rating

ADVATAGES OF RATING SCALES

CAN BE USED FOR A LARGE GROUP CLARITY OF FEEDBACK WIDE RANGE OF APPLICATION EASY TO ADMINISTER & SCORE

DISADVATAGES OF RATING SCALES

Items stated may not be consistent withobjectives Lack of unity in interpretation of terms Errors in rating

ERRORS
AMBIGUITY PERSONALITY HALOEFFECT PERSONALBIAS GENEROSITY ERROR CENTRAL TENDANCY SEVERITY ERRORS

LOGICALERROR

ATTITUDE OPPURTUNITY FOR OBSERVATION

PRINCIPLES GOVERNING RATINGSCALES

Characteristics should be educationally significant. Characteristics should be directly observable. Characteristics & the points on the scales hould be clearly defined. Between 3 & 7 rating positions should be provided and the raters should be permitted to mark at intermediate points.

Cont.,
Raters should be instructed to omit ratingswhen they feel unqualified to judge. Ratings from several observers should becombined whenever possible

DEFINING AN ATTITUDE
An Attitude is the affect for or against a psychological objectLouis Thurstone, 1931 evaluation of like or dislike of positiveness or negativeness toward (Do not say feelings)