OMNIAC M

TAWA Propagation and Cell

Planning

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Introduction
DECT Standard :

High subscriber density

High traffic capacity Low cost Micro cellular deployment Supports toll-quality voice service and high bit rate data services
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TAWA Enhancements
The sensitivity (defined as received power level at

which the Bit Error Rate is 10-3)

DECT Norm
BS 86 dBm with BER=10-3 -73 dBm with BER=10-5

TAWA
-91 dBm with BER=10-3 -86 dBm with BER=10-5

FRS 83 dBm with BER=10-3 -91 dBm with BER=10-3

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Antennas (1)
The frequency of operation in DECT is around 1.9 GHz, at which the wavelength is only 15 cm Compact Antenna: Compact High-gain Several antennas have been specifically developed for the TAWA system

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Antennas (2)
Sectoral antenna for FRS:
Gain: 10 dBi Weigh: 150gm

Horizontal beam width = 80

Vertical beam width = 50

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Antennas (3)
Sectoral antenna for BS and RBS:
Gain: 12,14, 16 or 18 dBi Weigh: 300 gm

Horizontal beam width = 60

Vertical beam width = 25

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Antennas (4)
Omnidirectionnal antenna for BS and RBS:
Gain 6, 9 or 11 dB Vertical beam width = 10

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FRS-BS Link Analysis

- Transmit power Tx - Loss 1 m from antenna
log(/4) = -38

: 24 dBm : +20 : : : : : +Gb +Gw -Lc -Lp -Lf

BS antenna gain FRS antenna gain BS and FRS cables loses Propagation Loss Fade margin

Total : -14+Gb+Gw-Lc-Lp-Lf > -90 dBm (sensitivity limit for BER < 10-3)
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Losses
Path Loss:
LOS path : 6 dB loss for each doubling of distance (or 20 dB every decade) Wall / Floor : 7 dB loss for 9 - 12 brick walls and 5 RCC floors Trees : 6-15 dB loss depending on canopy thickness

Cable Loss
BS : < 1 dB (short cable since antenna colocated with BS) FRS : 1 5 dB (depending on cable length and type) 2 3 dB typical
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Fading
Non-LOS links At 2 GHz, signal fades by 20 dB in non-LOS situation due to multi-path With antenna diversity at BS, fade margin required is only 10 dB

no FRS installed with signal strength < -80 dBm

BER < 10-5 most of the time, occasionally dropping to 10-3 LOS Links In LOS situations, multi-path fading is rare 5 dB margin is adequate BER < 10-5 always
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Link Analysis Example : Roof-top Base Station Cluster

For 60 Sectors :
Antenna Gain Gb Gw Cable Loss Lc Fade Margin Lf Recd. Signal Strength : 12 dB : 7.5 dB : 3 dB (typical) : 10 dB (non-LOS) = -14 + 12 + 7.5 - 3 - 10 - Lp 54 dB loss

500 m propagation in free space

28.5 dB margin in Lp for loss through walls / ceiling 4 walls / ceiling can be penetrated
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Link Analysis Example : Long Distance BS FRS Link at 10 km

Gb Gw Lc Lp Lf 12 dB 7.5 dB 6 dB (assume worst case cable losses of 1 + 5 dB) 80 dB (10 km) 5 dB (LOS case)

Received Signal Strength = -14 + 12 dB + 7.5 - 6 - 80 - 5 = 85.5 dBm 4.5 dB margin still available

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Deployment Options
BS

Roof-top BS cluster (macro-cell)

Street-level dispersed BS ( micro-cell) In-building multi-floor ( Pico-cell)

FRS

Integral whip antenna/indoor patch antenna Window-mounted patch antenna

Roof-top patch antenna

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Single Omni Roof-top BS

Vert. beam width

Mount

BS on a pole

Use

2/4/6 dBi omni antennas

vertical beam width decreases with gain e.g. for 6 dBi antenna beam width, it is 100

shadow region in the vicinity of the BS (where antenna has some loss instead of gain)

shadow region increases in size with antenna height

and gain

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Multiple Omni Roof-top BS on a Pole (1)

Multiple

BS can be co-located to increase capacity

1 BS with 12 channels gives 5.8 E (@ 1% GOS)

2 BS with 24 channels gives 15 E i.e 7.5 E per BS 4 BS with 48 channels gives 9 E per BS

Critical issues same as with single omni BS

In addition, spacing between antennas of different BS should be about 50 cm

minimize parasitic effects

Suggested deployment geometries shown next, whether on top of pole or otherwise

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Multiple Omni Roof-top BS on a Pole (2)

Could

have a separate axially-mounted lightning interceptor (spikes) instead of industrial antenna lightning protectors, need to mount interceptor at a height sufficient to ensure that BS antennas are within the protection funnel

Pole

Pole

Four Omni BS

Two Omni BS
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Sectorised BS Cluster
With Sectorised deployment, one can

Increase frequency re-use by reducing interference in undesired directions

can co-locate very large number of BSs can deploy cell-sites every 1-2 kms to get high tele-density easy to get 12 dB gain with compact antennas ( ~ 60 cm length, < 1 kg weight)
Downtilt angle

Increase antenna gain at BS

Increase vertical beam-width despite high gain (~50) Down tilt antenna (up to a few degrees less than half of vertical beam width) reduce shadow region reduce illumination above the horizon reduce interference in neighbouring cells
Side view

Avoid shadowing due to tower/pole

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Diversity in Sectorised Deployment

Sectors illuminated by the pair of diversity antennas for each BS must be identical Diversity antennas can be mounted a) b) side by side one below the other
45 cm

45 cm

c)

diagonally across

Antenna spacing in all cases at least 45 cm

45 cm

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Number of Sectors

With 7.5 dB antennas, typical horizontal beam width = 80- 90

4 to 5 sectors

With 12 dB antennas, horizontal beam width is 60 6 sectors

Each BS gives 5.8 E per sector @ 1% GOS

BS antenna pair 4-sectors

) 60

6sector

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