The

issues of partition led the Muslims to find the real enemies. Political strategy was to highlight the socio-economic inequalities between two communities. They & we pattern of politics was created by the partition. Political developments from social and institutional points of view were not satisfied.

 Our

knowledge of the twentieth-century political history is woefully inadequate Detailed narrative of the Indian nationalist movement in the old undivided British province is unavailable The development of Muslim politics has been neglected Of late some serious studies on Bengal Muslim politics have been made

 Permitting

us to say something

logically Analysis of membership & executive committee An examination of the stated purposes of institutional Look over the social activities

- partition of Bengal - bringing radical departures, the mobilization of the congress volunteer brigades, a militant campaign of economic boycott - reunification of Bengal - new leadership of rising star, C.R Das - the tragic early death of Das and splint ration of congress, repudiation of Bengal pact - appointment of Ak Fazlul Huq as chief minister of Bengal, leader of krisok proja party - fall of Fazlul Haq & triumph for the ideals of Muslim league - the final phase ,the Muslim League held in office in Bengal and the prospect of province within Pakistan was overriding political issue

At

the opening Bengal had an extensive network of political institutions

 Had

a lively political involvement Coordination of activities supplied from aristocratic and influential British Indian associations Prominent on the executive committees on the district Landholders associations representing their interests locally Availability of chambers of commerce to represent the interest of different class people

 Nominally

economic, social or religious institutions are used for political ends Educational politics considered as obvious area Prominent Local men were engaged in voluntary educational administration Muslims were only active in madrassa and moktab College students association less directly involved with politics

Less directly involved with politics Private libraries, reading rooms and cultural societies found in many districts Concerned with the Hindu cultural heritage of particular localities Less lively cultural life of Muslims

To highlight this part a word of caution is necessary::: Institutional and social development had not proceeded evenly throughout the province

Phase one(19061918)

Phase two(19181926)

Phase three(19261937)

Phase four and five(19371947)

Lord Curzons partition gave an extraordinary boost to politics in Bengal. The time dimension of phase one started after this partition. Some revolutionary events occurred in phase one which are as follows:

Immediate jump in newspaper circulation which results in:

Lively journalism in the latter half of nineteenth century at kolkata. Sufficient expand in readership. Newspaper and periodical offices became the focal points of political. Dhaka capital of eastern Bengal and Assam was now able to sustain a daily newspaper. In line with capital mofussal towns intermittently produced weeklies. Start of some small commercial presses and their publishers.
Lively Journalism

Volunteer brigades were organized by the militant congressmen to:

Boycott the stores selling imported cloths. An increase in buying sawdesi goods. Increase self-help in society.

The ideal of economic self-reliance paralleled by the ideal of national education which has given importance on:
Glorious cultural heritage. Emphasis on technical and physical education. Establishment of sports club and gymnasiums.

Cultural Heritage Of India

Clandestine revolutionary summit which includes:

A heady doctrine of political self-sacrifice as a service of Ma Kali. Training with revolvers and bomb in preparation of attacks upon British.

Linkers between religious tradition and nationalism were jatra and loksongits which spreads in urban areas. The providers of songs and dramas are:

Mukunda Das Dijendralal Ray Atulprashad Sen

Jatra

The social service ideal also played vital role. Its functions in to meet the recurrent disasters were as follows:

Raising funds. Assembling relief supplies. Ministering the needs of the sufferers.

Foundation of all-India and Bengal Presidency Muslim leagues.

It was the first significant muslim institutional innovation in this period. Anjumans was founded to support the league efforts.
Praying for the success of Muslim League in 1906

It was the Bengal branch of the Indian National congress. The Provincial congress was founded in the year 1920. C.R.Das And his fellow extremists organized an All Bengal Political Conference In kolkata,Acting with their approval they seized control of the BPCC and immediately reconstituted it to provide direct representation for the district association.
By 1921 BPCC had its own office in kolkata.A congress News service dispensed Party propaganda and the congress Volunteers,were at work Throughout the province collecting for the Swaraj Fund.

From 1918-1925,Muslim involve in Indian Nationalists Politics In Bengal. In addition, The Muslim politicians had their own Khilafat committee. These committees had central district in kolkata and branches in every district town.

After the calling off of the NonCorporation Movement And The boycott of Legislatures,A group pf leaders of the Indian Congress Led by C R Das and Pandit Motilal Nehru started thinking in favour of entering the legislative council.The annual Session of the Indian National Congress rejected the proposed of council entry. He then formed A party called Swarjist Party.

It became the largest single party.

Captured 46 seats out of 139.

C R Das became the leader.

An Agreement aimed at resolving the question of Hindu-Muslim differences,Chitta Ranjan Das, A man of vision, came forward to take up the task of strengthening relations between Hindu and Muslims. The terms Of the Pact, commonly known as the Bengal Pact, were passed in the meeting of swarjist party held on 16 Dec,1923.The pact also held in the BPCC meeting held on 18DEc,1923.

 Representation

in the Bengal legislative Council would be on population besis. In the Local bodies would be on the proportion of 60%on the majority Community,and 40% to the minority community
in procession would not to be allowed.

Representation

Music

It was decided that 55% Of the appointment should go to the Muslims.

No resolution or enactment would be allowed without the consent of 75% of the elected members. No Legislation in respect of Cow killing for food would be taken up in the Council. Endeavour should be made outside the council to bring about an understanding between two communities.

R Das was supported in his stance by a considerable number of Congressman in bengal.

Latter welcomed the pact wholeheartedly as they thought it was the sensible solution to their problems. Muslim Press thanked those Hindu leaders for their greatness in meeting.

The

The

 Middle

class Bengal Hindus who opposed the Pact stubbornly. Banerjea and BC Pal were among the Hindu leaders who stood up against the Pact.
Members of their community accused CR Das of opportunism and even Muslim bias.

Surendranath

The

 In

violent years activeness of extremist organizations Fascists and communist parties model of Bengal agitators Gaining strength and weapons to engage British police and military Home-grown terrorists extended network Broke British control and Congress able to run parallel government

 Aggressive

Muslim revivalist groups and Hindu organization`s battle Oppose of cow slaughter and music before mosque Kolkata`s goonda dal made of politicians both religion to complete the dismal picture Experience of Bengali nationalists institution People of different ages ,ideologies, regions incarceration in British jail

Decades of political excitement and tragedy Some developments and co-operative movement First administration to take office under 1935 Government of India Act Including Krishac praja and Scheduled Caste parties a new element in Bengal politics Radical legislation gave the support of the host of Marxist cells Many of young terrorists converted to communism Their release added to complexity of Bengal politics

 Struggle

of rival parties to control trade unions ,associations and municipalities etc Dual functions of them for lobbying to protect their corporations In last phase some strikingly divergent developments Raising funds and help to organize formal political parties Skirmished of some private armies of both religions through1940-1946 The bloodshed ensured partition of Bengal in 1947

 Many

of Marxists had to set work among Bengal`s proletariat They started campaign for agricultural rent and tax resistance Militia and vigilant groups organized by extremists of both religions Skirmished of these private armies of both religions through1940-1946 The bloodshed ensured partition of Bengal in 1947

After 1918, The Indian association sank into insignificance. But the leadership of the Bengal Congress, which superseded it ,came from Same Bhadrolok status group that had dominated nationalist politics in Bengal Since the late nineteenth century.

SUPERIOR GROUP ECONOMICALLY

DEPENDANT STAY AWAY FROM THE MASSES SHARING A PRIDE SUSTAIN THEIR COMMUNAL INTEGRATION

Hindered easy communication Shifting river courses Treacherous climate Debilitating endemic diseases
Fluctuations in population density and agricultural productivity

These fluctuations meant that even into the early years of Bengal there remained unused lands-for example The Sundarban, The char, The Terrai which were available for economic enterprise as transportation, agriculture and health technologies were improved.

This class was best situated to take advantage of the devolution of power,

Enlargement of the provincial legislature,

Extension of the franchise,

Gained the organizational backing of the Caste association and the Consolidated Islamia Anjumans.

Once outside the cities and Past the rajbari of the great zamindars, was an undifferentiated peasant mass.

There were a number of Fat acts among the generally poor rural populace.
The dispossessed tribals and other landless labourers had no institutional representation before independence.

The years following World War I were seminal. War demands had artificially stimulated industrial and mining development in Bengal. Early in 1920s there was a severe trade recession, Natural disasters in 1918 and 1919,including great Infuenza epidemic. Wages did not respond to the price inflation. The work conditions for industrial labour and the terms of employment were generally deplorable.

 They

were Bengalis while almost all the Industrial labourers were from Bihar and the United provinces, The sustained disinclination of these men to accept Bengali Leadership, Their working lives had been the source of serious instability for 20th century.

49