ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

MR LEONG WENG TUCK JAB. PENDIDIKAN JASMANI & KESIHATAN INSTITUT PERGURUAN DARULAMAN

SCIENCES OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

ANATOMY The study of internal and external structure and the Physical relationships between body parts PHYSIOLOGY The study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

THE ORGAN SYSTEM THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

THE ORGAN SYSTEM THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

THE ORGAN SYSTEM THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

THE ORGAN SYSTEM THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

THE ORGAN SYSTEM THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

THE ORGAN SYSTEM THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

THE ORGAN SYSTEM THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

THE ORGAN SYSTEM THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

THE ORGAN SYSTEM THE URINARY SYSTEM

THE ORGAN SYSTEMS are

Interdependent Interconnected and Packaged together

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In relatively small space and shared their environment. All living cells are in contact with blood or some other fluids that surround them and any changes in the composition of these fluids will affect them in some ways

HOMEOSTASIS REGULATION

HOMEO + STASIS = HOMEOSTASIS HOMEOSTASIS The existence of a stable internal environment. Homeostatic regulation Adjustments in physiological system that preserve homeostasis. It involves

A receptor A control center An effector

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Regardless of whether the input at the receptor rises or falls a variation outside normal limits triggers an automatic response that correct the situation This method of homeostatic regulation is called NEGATIVE FEEDBACK Most homeostatic mechanisms in the body involve Negative Feedback

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

In Positive Feedback the initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces the stimulus In the body, positive feedback usually involved in the regulation of dangerous or stressful process that must be completed quickly. Example are severe cut, labor and delivery.

POSITIVE FEEDBACK SEVERE CUT - CLOTTING

LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
ANATOMICAL POSITION : A position whereby a human being stands straight, head facing the front, legs close together with toe pointing to the front, hands at the sides with the palms facing forward.

A person lying down in the anatomical position with face up is said to be SUPINE While a person lying down with face down is said to be PRONE

ANATOMICAL DIRECTION

SECTIONAL ANATOMY

SECTIONAL ANATOMY

TRANSVERSE OR HORIZONTAL PLANE :

A Plane going through the body at right angles to the long axis dividing it into superior (upper) and Inferior (lower) sections A plane going through the body parallels to the long axis dividing the body into anterior (front) posterior (back) A plane going through the body parallels to the long axis dividing the body into left and right section

FRONTAL PLANE OR CORONAL PLANE :

SAGITTAL PLANE :

BODY CAVITIES

Body cavities have 2 essential functions

Protect delicate organs Permit significant changes in size and shape of visceral organs

Two body cavities form during embryonic development

Dorsal Body Cavity brain & Spinal Cord Ventral Body Cavity respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary and reproductive organs

DORSAL BODY CAVIITY

A fluid-filled space Established by the Cranium & Spinal Vertebrae Cranium consists of the bones of the skull The Dorsal Cavity is subdivided into the

Cranial Cavity Spinal Cavity

VENTRAL BODY CAVITIES

The Diaphragm a flat muscular sheet divides the ventral body cavity into

The Superior Thoracic Cavity and The Inferior Abdominopelvic Cavity that has two subdivisions

Adominal Cavity and Pelvic Cavity

BODY CAVITIES