PCI

th 6

Edition

Building Systems (Seismic)

Presentation Outline
Building System Loads
Seismic

Structural Integrity LFRS Walls LFRS Frames Diaphragms

Seismic Changes

Based on new changes to ASCE 7 and ACI 318 Based current seismic research and observations

Seismic Changes
Some of these changes are:
Recognition of jointed panel construction Recognition of strong and ductile connections in precast frames Recognition and requirements for connections in precast walls

Seismic Changes
Additional changes are:
Modification of drift computation and limiting drift Deformation compatibility of elements Additional soil type classifications Special considerations locations near seismic faults Consideration of redundancy and reliability in strength design requirements

Seismic Changes

Design Forces are Based on Risk

Previous codes based on 10% chance of exceedance in 50 years IBC 2000, 2003 codes based on 2% chance of exceedance in 50 years

Seismic Risk
Soil factors
Other regions of high seismic risk - not just west coast anymore

Practically every precast, prestressed concrete structure designed under IBC 2000 will require some consideration of seismic effects.

Seismic Performance Objectives

Current design - minor damage for moderate earthquakes Accepts major damage for severe earthquakes Collapse is prevented of severe events

Seismic Performance Objectives

In order to achieve the design objectives, the current code approach requires details capable of undergoing large inelastic deformations for energy dissipation.

Seismic Design Approach

Emulation
No special requirements for low seismic risk Chapter 21 requirements for moderate and high seismic risk

Non-emulative design
PRESSS Acceptance criteria for frames

Earthquake Loads Equivalent Lateral Force Method

Base Shear, V
V= CsW
Where: Cs - Seismic Response Coefficient W - Total Weight

Equivalent Lateral Force Method Limitations

This method may not apply to buildings with irregularities in Seismic Design Categories D, E, or F

Earthquake Loads Total Weight, W

Dead Load of structure plus:

25% of reduced floor live load in storage areas live load in parking structures not included Partition load if included in gravity dead Total weight of permanent equipment 20% of flat roof snow load, pf where pf > 30 psf

Seismic Response Coefficient, Cs

Function of
Spectral response acceleration Site soil factors Building Period Response modification factors Importance factor

Seismic Response Coefficient, Cs

Step 1 - Determine SS and S1 Step 2 - Determine site Soil Classification Step 3 - Calculate Response Accelerations Step 4 - Calculate the 5% Damped Design Spectral Response Accelerations Step 5 - Determine the Seismic Design Category Step 6 - Determine the Fundamental Period Step 7 - Calculate Seismic Response Coefficient

Step 1 Determine SS and S1

From IBC Map From local building codes IBC 2003 CD-ROM
Based on
Longitude / Latitude Zip Code

Step 2 Determine Site Soil Classification

If site soils are not known use Site Class D Figure 3.10.7 (a) (page 3-111) From soil reports

Step 3 Calculate Response Accelerations

SMS = FaSS SM1 = FvS1 Where:

Fa and Fv are site coefficients from Figure 3.10.7 (b) and (c) (page 3-111) SS spectral accelerations for short periods S1 spectral accelerations for 1-second period All values based on IBC 2003

Step 4 Calculate the 5%-Damped Design Spectral Response Accelerations

SDS = (2/3)SMS SD1 = (2/3)SM1

Step 5 Determine the Seismic Design Category

Table 3.2.4.1. Sometimes this restricts the type of Seismic Force Resisting System (SFRS) used (see Figure 3.10.8) (page 3-112)

Step 6 (Approximate Period) Determine the Buildings Fundamental Period

x Ta C thn

Where: Ct = 0.016 for moment resisting frame systems of reinforced concrete 0.020 for other concrete structural systems x = 0.9 for concrete moment resisting frames 0.75 for other concrete structural systems hn = distance from base to highest level (in feet)

Step 6 (Exact Period) Determine the Buildings Fundamental Period

Rayleighs formula
T 2

2 w ii i 1

g Fii
i 1

Where: wi = dead load weight at Floor i i = elastic displacement at Floor i Fi = lateral force at Floor i g = acceleration of gravity n = total number of floors

Step 7 Determine Seismic Response Coefficient, Cs Lesser of

Cs SDS R I or C s SD1 TR I

Where: R = Response Modification Factor Figure 3.10.8 (page 3-112) = Seismic Importance Factor

Step 7 Determine Cs
Minimum Value of Cs

Cs = 0.044SDS
Special Cases In Seismic Design Categories E and F
Cs 0.5 S1 R I

Vertical Distribution of Lateral Force

Fx C vx V C vx w x hk x
k w h i i i 1 n

Where: Fx = Force per floor Cvx = Vertical distribution factor V = Base shear k = 1 - buildings with a period 0.5 sec = 2 - buildings with a period > 2.5 sec hi and hx = height from base to Level i or x wi and wx = Level i or x portion of total gravity load

Location of Force in Plane

Accidental Torsion
calculated by assuming that the center of mass is located a distance of 5% of the plan dimension perpendicular to the applied load on either side of the actual center of mass

Total torsion = sum of the actual torsion plus the accidental torsion

Seismic Drift Requirements

Elastic Displacement Amplification Factor, x Stability Coefficient Limits, q P-D Effects

Drift Limits
Figure 3.10.9 (page 3-113)

Drift Amplification Factor, x

x C d xe I

Where: x = Amplified deflection of Level x xe = Deflection of Level x determined from elastic analysis, includes consideration of cracking Cd = Deflection amplification factor (Figure 3.10.8) = Seismic Importance Factor

Stability Coefficient,
q Px D Vx hsx C d

Where: Px = Total vertical unfactored load including and above Level x = Difference of deflections between levels x and x-1 Vx = Seismic shear force acting between levels x and x-1 hsx = Story height below Level x Cd = Deflection amplification factor

Stability Coefficient,
The stability coefficient is limited to:
0.5 0.25 Cd

qmax

Where: = ratio of shear demand to shear capacity between Levels x and x-1

P-D Effects

To account for P- effects, the design story drift is increased by (1 )-1

If < 0.10, P- effects may be neglected

Reliability Factor, ri
Required in High Seismic Design Categories D, E, and F The Earthquake Force is increase by a Reliability Factor, ri 1.5 Maximum Required Value ri = 1.0 for structures in Seismic Design Categories A, B and C

Reliability Factor, ri For Moment Frames

ri 2 20 rmax i A i

Where, for each level: Ai = floor area rmaxi = For moment frames, the maximum of the sum of the shears in any two adjacent columns divided by the story shear. For columns common to two bays with moment-resisting connections on opposite sides, 70% of the shear in that column may be used in the column shear summary.

Reliability Factor, ri For Shear Walls

ri 2 20 rmax i A i

Where, for each level: Ai = floor area rmaxi = For shear walls, the maximum value of the product of the shear in the wall and 10/lw divided by the story shear.

Load Combinations
U = 1.4(D+F) U = 1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) U = 1.2D +1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W) U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) U = 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L + 0.2S U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

f1 = 1.0 Parking garages = 1.0 Live load 100 psf on public assembly floors = 0.5 All others

Modification for Vertical Acceleration

E = QE 0.2SDSD
Seismic Load Combinations Become U = (1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + QE + f1L + 0.2S U = (0.9 0.2SDS)D + QE + 1.6H
Notice Building weight increase as Ground move Up Where QE = Horizontal Seismic Force

Modification for Vertical Acceleration

E = QE 0.2SDSD
Seismic Load Combinations Become U = (1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + QE + f1L + 0.2S U = (0.9 0.2SDS)D + QE + 1.6H
Notice Building weight decreases as Ground move Down

Overstrength Factor, Wo
Components within the Diaphragm
Chord ties Shear Steel Connectors

o = 2.0 - Seismic Design Categories C, D, E and F o = 1.0 - Seismic Design Categories A and B

Special Load Combinations

U = 1.2D + fiL + Em U = 0.9D + E Where:

Em = WoQE + 0.2SDSD

and
Wo = Overstrength Factor

Overstrength Factor, Wo

Connections from Diaphragms to Seismic Force Resisting System (SFRS)

o = Seismic Design Categories C and higher Figure 3.10.8 (page 3-112)

Structural Integrity Requirements

All members must be connected to the Lateral Force Resisting System (LFRS) Tension ties must be provided in all directions The LFRS is continuous to the foundation A diaphragm must be provided with
Connections between diaphragm elements Tension ties around its perimeter

Perimeter ties provided

Nominal strength of at least 16 kips Within 4 ft of the edge

Column splices and column base connections must have a nominal tensile strength not less than 200Ag in pounds

Structural Integrity Requirements

Precast vertical panels connected by a minimum of two connections Each connection is to have a nominal strength of 10 kips Precast diaphragm connections to members being laterally supported must have a nominal tensile strength not less than 300 lbs per linear ft Connection details allow volume change strains Connection details that rely solely on friction caused by gravity loads are not to be used

Lateral Force Resisting Systems (LFRS)

Rigid frames and shear walls exhibit different responses to lateral loads

Influential Factors
The supporting soil and footings The stiffness of the diaphragm The stiffness LFRS elements and connections Lateral load eccentricity with respect to center of rigidity of the shear walls or frames

Shear Wall Systems

Most common lateral force resisting systems Design typically follows principles used for cast-in-place structures

International Building Code (IBC) Requirements

Two categories of shear walls

Ordinary Special

ACI 318-02 Requirements

Created an additional intermediate category, but has assigned no distinct R, o and Cd

ACI 318-02 Wall Definitions

Defines all shear walls as structural walls Three levels of definition

Ordinary structural (shear) wall Intermediate precast structural (shear) wall Special precast structural (shear) wall

Ordinary Structural (Shear) Wall

Wall complying with the requirements of Chapters 1 through 18 No special seismic detailing

Intermediate Precast Structural (Shear) Wall

Wall complying with all applicable requirements of Chapters 1 through 18 Added requirements of Section 21.13
Ductile connections with steel yielding 1.5 factor for non-yielding elements

IBC imposes restriction that yielding be in the reinforcing

Special Precast Structural (Shear) Wall

Precast wall complying with the requirements of 21.8. Meeting the requirements for ordinary structural walls and the requirements of 21.2
Requires precast walls to be designed and detailed like cast-in-place walls, emulative design Meet the connection requirements of Section 21.13.

Design Guidelines for Shear Wall Structures

Evaluation of building function and applicable precast frame Preliminary development of shear wall system Determination of vertical and lateral loads

Design Guidelines for Shear Wall Structures

Preliminary load analysis Selection of shear walls Final load analysis Final shear wall design Diaphragm design

Moment Frame Classifications

Three Classifications
Ordinary Moment Frame Intermediate Moment Frames Special Moment Frames

Based on Detailing Seismic Design Categories

Ordinary Moment Frames

Seismic Performance Categories A & B ACI 318 Chapters 1 to 18 Response modification factor, R = 3

Intermediate Moment Frames

Seismic Performance Category C ACI 318 only defines intermediate as cast-in-place Response modification factor, R = 5

Special Moment Frames

Seismic Performance Categories D, E, and F Yielding will be concentrated in the beam, Strong column -weak beam behavior Special Moment frames
ACI 318 Sections 21.2 through 21.6

Response modification factor, R = 8

Diaphragms

A diaphragm is classified as rigid if it can distribute the horizontal forces to the vertical lateral load resisting elements in proportion to their relative stiffness Long-span applications suggest that many precast diaphragms may in fact be flexible

Diaphragm Design

The distinction between rigid and flexible diaphragms is important not just for diaphragm design, but also for the design of the entire lateral force resisting system.

Diaphragm Classification
Flexible diaphragm
Lateral deflection twice average story drift

Rigid diaphragm
Not flexible Implies capability to distribute load based on relative stiffness of LFRS elements

Steps in the Design Method

Step 1 - Calculate and compare distribution and diaphragm forces
Based on rigid diaphragm action Based on flexible diaphragm action

Step 2 - Check of diaphragm deformation with respect to drift limits Step 3 - Check attached element drift limits Step 4 - Adjustments in vertical element stiffness and placement to limit drift

Diaphragm Design Forces

Based on Wind and Seismic Events

Wind
Combined windward and leeward wind pressures Act as uniform load on building perimeter Distributed to the LFRS based on diaphragm behavior

Seismic Diaphragm Design Forces

Separate calculations from the design of the LFRS Diaphragm Design force, FP Seismic Design Categories B or C Fp = 0.2IESDSWp + Vpx Where Vpx represents forces from above levels that must be transferred through the diaphragm due to vertical system offsets or changes in stiffness.

Seismic Diaphragm Design Forces

Seismic Design Category D

Fpx

F
i x n i x

w px
i

0.2IESDSwpx< Fp < 0.4IESDSwpx

Diaphragm Detailing Wind and Low Seismic Hazards Moderate Seismic Hazards Seismic Design Category D Topped Systems High Seismic Hazards - Untopped Systems

Wind and Low Seismic Hazard

Seismic Design Category A

Strength requirements imposed by the applied forces, No Amplification

Seismic Design Category B

Requires the design of collector elements Does not require forces to be increased by over strength factor, o (Revised from IBC 2000)

Moderate Seismic Hazard

Topped and Pretopped Systems Seismic Design Category C Concrete wall systems have special requirements IBC 2003 Diaphragm must include
special continuous struts or ties between diaphragm chords for wall anchorage. use of Sub-Diaphragms, the aspect ratio of is limited to 2 to 1

Moderate Seismic Hazard

Walls classified as Intermediate Precast Walls

Collector elements, their connections based on special load combinations Need to include overstrength factor Ductile connections with wall interface The body of the connection must have sufficient strength to permit development of 1.5fy in the reinforcing steel

Seismic Design Category (SDC) D

Topped Systems Untopped Systems

Not implicitly recognized in ACI 318 - 02 Section 21.2.1.5
permits a system to be used if it is shown by experimental evidence and analysis to be equivalent in strength and toughness to comparable monolithic cast-inplace systems

SDC D Topped Systems

High strain demand across the joints Reinforcing steel needs to be compatible with this demand Use of larger wire spacing or bars may be needed Mesh in the topping must take the entire shear across the joint. Correct lapping to maintain diaphragm integrity

SDC D Topped Systems

Specific provisions in ACI 318-02 Chord steel determined from flexural analysis Shear strength based entirely on reinforcement crossing the joint:
Vn = Acvrnfy
Where

Acv = thickness of the topping slab

n = steel ratio of the reinforcement

SDC D Topped Systems

ACI 318-02
minimum spacing requirement of 10 in Diaphragm f -factor vertical element fshear -factor May result in f = 0.6, based on ACI 318-02 Section 9.3.4

Questions?