Food Security

Food security exists when all people, at all times, have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

To be food secure means that:

Food is available Food is affordable Food is utilized

Some stats about food insecurity

World-wide around 852 m people - chronically hungry Up to 2 b people lack food security intermittently More than half the world's population lives in low-income, food-deficit countries More than one-third of all children are malnourished and 6 million children a year die of causes related to malnutrition. Mostly found in developing world

There is enough food in the world for everyone to have enough to eat, but it is unevenly distributed.

Human Development Index

The Human Development Index (HDI) is the measure of life expectancy, literacy, education, standard of living and GDP per capita for countries worldwide.

The index was developed in 1990 by Indian Nobel prize winner Amartya Sen and Pakistani economist Mahbub-ul-Haq The HDI measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development: A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth. Knowledge and education, as measured by the adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrollment ratio A decent standard of living, measured by the log GDP-PPP in USD.
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Human Development Index

Adverse Effects of Food Insecurity

Premature failure of vital organs occurs during adulthood. Stunted individuals suffer a far higher rate of disease and illness than those who have not undergone stunting. Severe malnutrition in early childhood often leads to defects in cognitive development. Governments role in solving food insecurity

Various institutions securing adequate food and proper distribution of food Promoting science and technology Enhancing awareness and health education
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REASONS FOR FOOD INSECURITY

Countries having food insecurity

Africa- Angola, Sudan,Kenya,Liberia, Republic of Congo,

Madagascar, Tanzania, Democratic republic of Congo.

Asia/Near East- Afghanistan , Cambodia, Iraq,

Korea, Uzbekistan, Jordan, Mongolia.

Latin America Europe- Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Russian

Federation

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Food Insecurity: Global Scenario

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Why Food Insecurity: from Poorer Countries Perspective

Civil strife, population displacement Food deficits in several regions Drought, economic constraints Vulnerable groups and refugees Past adverse weather Adverse weather, economic problems Drought/cyclones

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Poverty and Food Security

P e rc e n ta g e o f p o v e rty in d iffe re n t p a rts o f w o rld
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Co u n try

E as t A s ia E as tern E urope Latin A m eric a M iddle E as t North A fric a S outh A s ia S ub s aharan A fric a

percentage

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FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION

Established in October 1945

Objective - Eliminating hunger and improving nutrition and standards of living by increasing agricultural productivity - 189 member countries plus 1 member organization that is European community Every 2 years representatives from all member countries meet at FAO conference to elect a council of 49 member countries to serve 3 years rotating terms General Dr Jacqes Diouf
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Members

Governance-

Director Staff

-1586 professional staff and 2048 support staff

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Offices Head Quarters in Rome 74 country offices 5 regional offices & 9 sub regional offices Departments Agricultural & Consumer Protection Economic & Social Development Fisheries & Aquaculture Forestry Human, Financial & Physical Resources Knowledge & communication Natural Resources Management & Environment Technical cooperation
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ACTIVITIES

Putting information within reach Sharing policy expertise Providing a meeting place for nations Bringing knowledge to the field Promote regional cooperation and coordinate donor contributions In combating diseases and pests that move quickly across borders, rapid detection and reaction
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FUNDS
Regular programme The budget for 2006-2007 was USD 765.7 million FAO's Regular Programme budget is funded by its members, through contributions set at the FAO Conference Covers core technical work, cooperation and partnerships including the Technical Cooperation Programme, information and general policy, direction and administration Field programme The budget for 2006-2007 was US$450.7 million 92% from voluntary donations from member countries 7% through Technical Cooperation Programme 1% from Special programme for Food security
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R EGU LA R PR OGR A M M E F U N D A LLOC A T ION Technical Cooperation Prgramme

25 18 1

103

104

M anagement and Supervision Services Knowledge Exchange, Policy and Advocacy

107

Sustainable Food and Agricultural Systems Other Corporate Governance

220 189

Capital and Security Expenditure Decentralization and UN Cooperation

*All figures are in USD million

Programmes and Achievements

Special Programme for Food Security

FAO's flagship initiative for reaching the goal of halving the number of hungry in the world by 2015 (presently 852 million people) Projects in over 100 countries worldwide SPFS promotes effective, tangible solutions to the elimination of hunger, undernourishment and poverty. Currently 102 countries are engaged in the SPFS and of these approx 30 are operating or developing comprehensive National Food Security Programmes.

Millennium Development Goals Tool for awareness raising, advocacy, alliance building and renewal of political commitments at the country level Build national capacity for monitoring and reporting on goals and targets Specific targets help to:

mobilize international partners benchmark and assess progress initiate policy reforms, institutional change and budget reallocations

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Humanity is crossing an important threshold this year

For the first time in history more people will live in cities than in the countryside. From now on, population growth will be almost entirely urban. Will we be able to ensure supply of safe, nutritious food for everyone the challenge set forth in UN Millennium Development Goal number one?

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The World Food Summit and Millennium Development Goal targets

The World Food Summit in 1996 established the target of halving the number of undernourished people by no later than 2015. FAO uses the average of the period 199092 as the baseline for monitoring progress towards this target. One of the targets of the Millennium Development Goal is to halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. For achieving the WFS target the proportion of hungry people and the proportion of undernourished in the developing countries need to be cut by much more than half.
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Food Insecurity Statistics: India

Most rural populations have to deal with food scarcity problems It is in fact more a problem where certain sectors (mainly the rural agrarian population and the urban informal sector) suffer from a shortage of food in a general climate of increasing production. It has been observed that the absolute number of malnourished has increased by about 18 million More than 38% of children under the age of three in India's cities and towns are underweight and more than 35 per cent of children in urban areas are stunted (shorter than they should be for their age). According to 2001 census 28% population leaves in urban areas.

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States Effected

The urban populations of Orissa and Pondicherry are classified as "extremely food insecure". Urban Uttar Pradesh and Bihar remain close behind these States and are categorised as "severely food insecure". The urban populations in Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Delhi are the most "food secure", with urban Himachal Pradesh leading this category In contrast, Tamil Nadu with 43.86 per cent of its population living in cities and towns is the most urbanised State in the study (if Delhi and the Union Territories of Pondicherry and Chandigarh are excepted as noncomparable).

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Madhya Pradesh

The urban population of Madhya Pradesh is the most food insecure in India. Madhya Pradesh is not highly urbanised yet fails dismally in almost half of the urban food security indicators. The incidence of poverty, the percentage of casual labour among the lowest 10 per cent of the population (by monthly per capita expenditure), the percentage of illiterates, the infant mortality rate, the percentage of population living in slums and the percentage of population living in temporary structures are all high and the urban poor have insufficient access to toilet facilities and safe drinking water. All these factors combined negatively to affect food security.

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Kerala

Although Kerala is the most advanced State in the country in terms of human development and all basic social indicators, the urban population in Kerala falls in the same category in the unweighted map as the urban population in Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka, Assam and Punjab. The average calorie intake in urban Kerala is lower than that in urban Madhya Pradesh, the most food insecure State in the study.

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Food Security in India

India at present finds itself in the midst of a paradoxical

situation: endemic mass-hunger coexisting with the mounting food grain stocks There are some organizations working for Food security in India

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World Food Programme

WFP has been working with the Government of India in order to eliminate hunger and ensure food security to the poor. Has twin goals: (a)To be a catalyst for change in the country's effort to reduce vulnerability and eliminate food insecurity. (b)To leverage policy and resources to demonstrate models that provide immediate and longer-term food security in the most food insecure areas.

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Food Corporation of India

FCI was setup under the Food Corporation Act 1964, in order to fulfill following objectives of the Food Policy : Effective price support operations for safeguarding the interests of the farmers Distribution of food grains throughout the country for public distribution system ; and Maintaining satisfactory level of operational and buffer stocks of food grains to ensure National Food Security. In its 40 years of service to the nation , FCI has played a significant role in India's success in transforming the crisis management oriented food security into a stable security system.

1. 2. 3.

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National Food Security Mission

1.

2. 3. 4.

The objectives of NFSM are: to increase production and productivity of rice and pulses in 21 of 30 districts of the State in a sustainable manner to enhance farm level economy restore confidence among farmers to create employment opportunities

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Food Insecurity: Living with the fear of hunger

Global Case Studies

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Food Emergency in South Africa

Devastating drought in 1992 Total number of people affected: 13 million Worst affected: Zimbabwe with 6 million people needing emergency food aid Zimbabwe- major exporter of maize Bad harvests in 2001 led to price hike of 300% Major international effort to provide relief, food and seeds and other agricultural inputs for the next season FAO emergency appeal of USD 507.3 million

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Afghan Drought & Conflict

Gripped with serious food crisis 3 years of consecutive drought till 2001 Livestock, cereals critical for economy reduced by 40% Food aid increased but not enough for 10million Sharp rebound in cereal production from 2002 Despite recovery, millions still need food assistance owing to exhaustion in assets, years of war, ruined irrigation system Urgent large scale investment needed to repair and restore agricultural production

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Quote Unquote
World Food Summit: Rome 1996
"The Rome Declaration calls upon us to reduce by half the number of chronically undernourished people on the Earth by the year 2015 .... If each of us gives his or her best I believe that we can meet and even exceed the target we have set for ourselves."

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Helping Hand: Australias Response

Helps developing countries reduce poverty and promote trade liberalization, peace and stability, good governance, security of land tenure, rural development and agricultural research Emergency food aid to developing countries A$1 billion food security pledge for the five years from 1/07/03 to 30/06/08 to enhance food security of people in the developing world. Specific programs to improve food security for those in need Contributes up to 150,000 tonnes of Australian produced wheat and rice to the WFP. This operates like a 'food bank' that can be used during both humanitarian emergencies and development situations to help households shift towards more sustainable livelihoods.
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