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SULISTIOWATI
Bankruptcy
Provision: Bankruptcy Law 2004, nr. 37 Bankruptcy is general confiscation upon all of asset of debtor/bankrupt managed and liquidated by receiver under control by supervisory judge which is regulated in this law.
Bankruptcy
The petition for bankruptcy may be submitted by: The debtor; The creditors; The public prosecutor for reason of public interest; Central Bank,in case the debtor: banks; Capital Market Supervisory Body, in case the debtor: Stock Exchange, Clearing and Guaranty Body, Deposit and Settlement Body; Ministry of Finance, in case the debtor: Insurance Company, Reinsurance Company, Pension Fund, or State Enterprise in Public Service Obligation.
Requirement of bankrupcy
bankrupt ( failliet = Belanda ; to fail = Inggris; bankrupt, bankruptcy = Inggris ) means strike of payment (insolvency) or stagnancy of payment. Requirement for stated bankrupt : debtor in insolvency. By verdict, he will be stated bankrupt. The verdict will be stated by judge, if in brief proven theres incident or condition of insolvency of debtor In brief proven means to prove not valid regulation of common evidence (book IV Civil Code).
Requirement of bankrupcy
Whats parameter or norm condition of insolvency? Guidelines that previously agreed : for statement of bankruptcy not necessarily to show that debtor not able to pay all the debt and its not important whether or not the stagnancy of payment is as a result from not able to pay or not willing to pay. In Jurisprudence : paying is not always means surrender certain amount of money. Paying means fulfill a contract in other word could be in the form of goods. Stagnancy of paying is not necessarily means near de letter which is debtor stop at all in paying the debt, but means that when the debtor proposes bankruptcy, they are in the condition of not paying the debt (verdict from Bandung Court No. 171/1973/Perd/PTB, Tgl : 31 Juli 1973 ).
Requirement of bankrupcy
bankrupt is unofficial terminology used outside of law. Bankrupt also means the debtor in insolvency, not necessarily he can not paid or willing not to paid. Bankrupt not necessarily shown by the condition of corporation suffered from loss. Indeed it could happen that the corporation always suffered from loss, then the debtor is unable to pay its debt. In this condition, it cant be categorized as a bankrupt, it could be stated bankrupt if it has been adjudged a bankrupt.
Requirement of bankrupcy
Bankrupt (United Kingdom): The state or condition of a person (individual, partnership, corporation, municipality) who is unable to pay its debts as they are, or become, due. The condition of one whose circumstances are such that he is entitled to take the benefit of the federal bankruptcy laws. The term includes a person againts whom an involuntary petition has been filed, or who has filed a voluntary petition, or who has been adjudged a bankrupt. The woed bankrupt is not used in the federal bankruptcy code. Debtor is now the term used.
Requirement of bankrupcy
In US Law there are 2 types of bankruptcy : unvoluntary and voluntary. The objectives are regularly and fairly payment of all credits. In US, since the debtor adjudged a bankrupt,
court appoints temporary receiver having big power and authority to change management, to arrange the financial without guarantee and doing business to avoid loss. Just by surrender a proper guarantee so debtor might takeover the management from the receiver.
Requirement of bankrupcy
Related with re-organization, Debtor still has business dan controled, unless court decided not to said so. Debtor and creditor they give a lot of space to cooperated. Berkenaan dengan reorganisasi, Debitur tetap memiliki bisnis dan mengendalikannya, kecuali pengadilan menentukan lain. Debitur dan kreditur diberi cukup banyak kelonggaran untuk bekerjasama. So : bankrupt is matter of Debtor in condition stagnancy in paying (insolvency), not loss. The Requirement to sentence debtor in bankrupcy? Debtor has more than two or more creditors. Not paying one debt of maturity and could be dunned.
1. 2.
Requirement of bankrupcy
Who could be stated a bankruptcy? 1. Person : women and man, married or still single. Petitioner is personal debtor that already married. So, petitioner only could be proposed based on approval for their couple (wife or husband), except not happen mixing of assets. 2. Association or congregation not has other incorporated. If petitioner in a form of firm, shall consist of name and domicile of each firm mambers that severally and joinly liable for all firms debt. 3. Limited liability company, congregation, cooperative, fondation incorporated. 4. Inheritance.
Requirement of bankrupcy
1. 2. 3. 4. Which commercial court has authority? Court where the debtor domicile. In case that debtor already leaving from Indonesia, so court where the last debtor domicile. In case firm debtor, court where legal area firm. Dalam hal debitur pesero firma, pengadilan tempat kedudukan hukum firma; Dalam hal debitur tidak berkedudukan di wilayah Indonesia tetepi menjalankan profesi atau usahanya di Indonesia, Pengadilan tempat kedudukan atau kantor pusat debitur menjalankan profesi atau usahanya di wilayah RI; Dalam hal debitur badan hukum, Pengadilan tempat kedudukan hukum badan hukum sesuai anggaran dasarnya.
5.
Requirement of bankrupcy
Every petition in bankruptcy, either filed by debtor or third parties outside of debtor shall be submitted through a lawyer that has a sit licence of court, submitted to commercial court through clerk of the court (article 7 par. (1) Law No. 37 of 2004). The above provision is not valid if the petition submitted by attorney, Central Bank, Capital Market Supervisory Body, and Ministery of Finance.
Requirement of bankrupcy
Legal eforts could be submitted? Upaya hukum yang dimungkinkan ? Adjudication of bankrupt only bared legal efforts: cassation and herziening. Herzienning shall fulfill 2 requirements: 1. theres new writen evidence which is important, and if acknowledged in the court session before will be brought in a different petition, 2. In that verdict theres a real mistake.
Requirement of bankrupcy
Uit voorbaar bij voorraad ? All decision on arrangement and/or winding up bankrupt assets decided by judge could be executed in the first place, unless law determines others. By brought a petition in bankruptcy, at moments notice receiver could do its duty and authority to arrange and/or liquidate bankrupt assets as from the petition in bankrupt delivered, eventhough theres a cassation or herziening. In case of the petition of a bankrupt canceled arising out of a cassation or herziening, then all action conducted by receiver previous or at the date of receiver gets a notice on a petition of cancelation, still valid and binding the debtor.
Requirement of bankrupcy
Free investigation Law No.37 of 2004 enable free investigation, resultantly cost of secretariat also free. The witdrawl of verdict on bankruptcy The verdict publicized by clerk of the court in state of gazette and 2 news papers. The verdict of witdrawl can be submited a cassation and/or herziening. After witdrawl stated resubmited a petition of a bankrupt, therefore debtor or petitioner shall born out the exist of enough assets to pay bankruptcy cost.
Requirement of bankrupcy
Confiscation by Creditor during court? Before statement of bankruptcy announced, every creditors or attorney could proposed to court, that related with :
1. Put guarantee confiscation toward a part of or all assets of debtor. 2. Appointed temporary receiver to: (1). Monitoring debtor business, (2) monitoring payment to creditor, transferred or the guarantee of debtors assets in order to get receivers approval under condition of bankruptcy (2).
Usually proposal of confiscation would be approved if the interest/benefit of creditor need to be protected. Beside that to protect and maintain the interest of debtor and other third party, therefore the court could determine to ask the debtor to give proper guarantee.
Requirement of bankruptcy
The bankruptcy consist of :
All assets of debtor that exist at the time of declaration of bankrupt stated and gained during the bankruptcy. For personal debtor, the result from bankruptcy also valid for husband and wife that already married in unity of assets, either the assets that exist when the bankruptcy stated or during the bankruptcy.
KASUS
Dapatkah Bank Rekapitalisasi dan Bank BTO menjadi pemohon pailit ? Putusan MA No. 04 K/N/1998. Dalam praktek permohonan pernyataan pailit sebagian besar dilakukan oleh bank terhadap debitur kreditnya yang macet.
KASUS
Pertama, dalam kasus kepailitan yang diajukan oleh PT Bank PDFCI sebagai Pemohon pailit terhadap PT. Sarana Kemas Utama selaku Termohon Pailit. Permohonan pailit dikabulkan hakim pengadilan niaga. Persoalan muncul dalam kasasi karena Pemohon Kasasi keberatan atas status Termohon Kasasi/Pemohon Pailit sebagai Bank BTO pada saat permohonan pailit diajukan. Menurut Pemohon Kasasi atau termohon pailit, sejak tanggal 3 April 1998 status Termohon Kasasi adalah bank BTO dan manajemen telah diambil alih atau dikuasai oleh dan berada di bawah BPPN. Oleh karena itu surat kuasa Termohon Kasasi atau Pemohon Pailit harus dengan sepengetahuan atau setidak-tidaknya diketahui oleh BPPN. Kebertaan ini sebenarnya pernah diajukan pada sidang pengadilan niaga, namun judex factie sama sekali tidak mempertimbangkan keberatan tersebut dalam putusannya. Karena itu judex factie telah melakukan kesalahan dalam penerapan hukum.
KASUS (lanjutan)
Majelis Hakim Kasasi memandang bahwa Termohon Kasasi atau Pemohon Pailit dalam status Bank BTO tetap sah sebagai Pemohon Pailit, karena pernyataan BTO sama sekali tidak menghapuskan status Termohon Kasasi atau Pemohon Pailit sebagai badan hukum yang dapat bertindak sebagai pihak dalam proses perkara dan dengan demikian pembuatan surat kuasapun tetap sah dan tidak perlu sepengetahuan dan atau ijin pemerintah c.q. BPPN. Karena itu Majelis Hakim Kasasi membenarkan putusan Judex facxtie. Atas putusan ini Pemohon Kasasi atau Termohon Pailit mengajukan PK.
KASUS (lanjutan)
Dalam permohonan PK, Permohon PK atau Pemohon Kasasi atau Termohon Pailit kembali mempersoalkan kewenangan hukum atau legal capacity Pemohon Pailit dalam hal ini Bank PDFCI yang telah dikenakan status Bank BTO pada saat mengajukan permohonan pernyataan pailit. Menurut Pemohon PK atau Pemohon Kasasi atau Termohon Pailit, Majelis Hakim Kasasi dan Judex Facxtie telah melakukan kesalahan berat dalam menerapkan hukum mengenai kewenangan hukum Bank BTO. Dikatakan bahwa Termohon PK atau Termohon Kasasi atau Pemohon Pailit sejak tanggal 3 April 1998 telah menjadi Bank BTO sehingga manajemen dan operasional telah diambil alih oleh BPPN sesuai dengan ketentuan Pasal 37 Ayat (1) UU No.10 Thn 1998. Pada hal permohonan pailit yang diajukan Termohon PK atau Pemohon Pailit dilakukan pada tanggal 30 September 1998 yaitu pada saat Termohon PK atau Pemohon Pailit sudah berstatus Bank BTO tanpa persetujuan kuasa dari BPPN.
KASUS (lanjutan)
Majelis Hakim PK dalam perkara ini membenarkan pendapat yang diajukan Pemohon PK atau Termohon Pailit atau Pemohon Kasasi, karena menurut Majelis terdapat kesalahan berat dalam menerapkan hukum tentang status dan kewenangan Bank BTO sebab Direksi Bank PDFCI Tbk yang telah dinyatakan dalam status BTO sejak 3 April 1998 tidak lagi memiliki kewenangan untuk melakukan suatu perbuatan hukum ( legal capacity ) termasuk mengajukan gugatan atau permohonan pailit di muka pengadilan untuk kepentingan bank tersebut. Karena manajemen dan operasionalnya telah diambilalih atau dikuasai oleh dan berada di bawah pengawasan BPPN, maka surat kuasa yang dibuat Direksi yang menjadi dasar permohonan pailit terhadap Pemohon PK atau Termohon Pailit adalah tidak sah. Berdasarkan pertimbangan tersebut, menurut MA terdapat cukup alasan untuk mengabulkan permohonan PK yang diajukan PT Sarana Kemas Utama selaku Termohon Pailit atau Pemohon Kasasi atau Pemohon PK dan membatalkan Putusan MA 14 Desember 1998 No.04 K/N/1998.
Law No.37 of 2004 on Bankruptcy and Cancelation of Payment decides the meaning of debt. Article 1 number 6 stated that debt is an obligation mentioned or could be mentioned in the form of money either in IDR or foreign currency, directly and other obligation that might appear in the future, that arise because of a contract or law and compulsory fulfilled by debtor and if not fulfilled it give right to creditor to get the fulfillment from debtors assets.
RECONCILEMENT PERDAMAIAN
The debtor eligible to offer a reconcilement to all creditors. If homologation of reconcilement already get permanent force of law, the bankruptcy is terminated. Receiver compulsory publisizes the reconcilement in state gazette and also at least in 2 news paper. If not decided other, receiver compulsory return all assets (money, book, goods, or documents) to the debtor by giving valid receipt.