Bio-solvent

Group :8 Instructor : Nguyen Khanh Dieu Hong

Solvent
A solvent is a substance

that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution . A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid or a gas. The maximum quantity of solute that can dissolve in a specific volume of solvent varies with temperature .

Uses of organic solvents

In dry cleaning

(e.g., tetrachloroethylene )

As paint thinners

(e.g., toluene, turpentine)

As nail polish removers and glue solvents (acetone, methyl acetate,

ethyl acetate)

 In spot removers

(e.g., hexane, petrol ether) In detergents (citrus terpenes)

In perfumes (ethanol)

Nail polish and in chemical synthesis.

Bio-solvent
Bio-solvent is solvent derived from biological materials.

D-limone

etyl lactat

alkyl este of fatty acids

Properties

Chemically inert Very soluble Easy to evaporate (volatile) Non-flammable, non-toxic or of low toxicity Do not affect health Not involved in the photochemical ozone creation process

Comparison of biosolvent and petro-chemical solvent

Biosolvent

petroleum-solvent

Biosolvent
1.not do harm to human health 2. Capable of biodegradation 3. easy to decompose. 4. higher Flash point and boiling point than petroleum-solvent.

Petro-chemical solvent

Advantages

High active detergent

Disadvantage s

1.not popular 2.High costs 3.scarce feedstock

1.explosive 2.Toxic 3.causing environmental pollution 4.feedstock resources are limited

Trend of use of solvent

Composition

alkyl ester

alkyl

lactate

additives

Biosolvent

Ethyl ester
RCOOC2H5 Ethyl esters of fatty acids

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Ethyl lactate
- FORMULA : C5H10O3 - SYNONYMS : ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoat

Advantages:Ethyl acetate is used primarily as a solvent and diluent,

being favored because of its low cost, low toxicity, and agreeable odor

Physical and Chemical properties

Printing

Modified asphalt

applications

Paint industry

Industrial surface cleaners

Ethyl ester synthesis

Feedstock
First generation : from food crops, e.g: sunflower oil,

rapeseed oil, soybean oil.

Second generation : from agricultural waste or waste

products of the food processing industry, e.g: animal tallow

waste oil,

Third generation : from non-food crops oils, biomass, e.g :

jatropha, algae oil, linseed oil, rubberseed

Methods of synthesis
1. 2. 3. 4.

Transesterification in supercritical environment. Stiring and heating. Supersonic method. Microwave method. In Vietnam ,the most common method is Transesterification using catalyst combined with stiring and heating.All other methods lead to high conversion but they require harsh conditions and high costs.

Transesterification
Reaction
1 triglyceride + 3 alcohol
O= O O= O O= O +3 ROH HO Catalyst HO
catalyst

glycerol + 3 alkyl ester

Me HO O= O Me O= O Me O= O

Triglyceride

Glycerol

Alkyl estes

Catalyst

Base : NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3

Act %Cnv : high (~100%) Reaction time : 1- 1.5 hour ( low) Heterogeneous catalyst : NaOH/MgO, NaOH/y-Al2O3, Na2SiO3/SiO2. advantages: ,renewable,easy to separate the products and hight conversion reaction ( >90% )

Catalyst

Acid : H2SO4, HCl.. conversion is highest when temperatures

>100C and reaction time > 6 hour. Heterogeneous catalyst: USY-292 Advantages: easy to distill, hight conversion reaction, require less energy

Catalyst

Enzyme

2 types: intracellular and extracellular lipase Advantages: very high conversion shortest reaction time easy to refine product Not affected by the amount of water & fatty acids in feedstock Disadvantages: high cost

Comparison among different kinds of catalyst

temperature:600C,reaction time:8h
Catalyst
NaOH 100 Act % CnV (%)

Enzyme
Amberlyst A26

100
0.1

Amberlyst A27
NaOH/MgO Y-Al2O3 USY- 292

0.4
Max 94 11 0.2

SnCl2

3.0

Impact of temperature and residence time on

Transesterification reaction
Transesterification reaction proceeds at ambient temperature (30C)

but needs 4-8 hours to reach completion.

Reaction time can be shortened to 2-4 hours at 40C and 1-2 hours

at 60C.
Higher temperature will decrease reaction times but require pressure

vessels because methanol boils at 65C.

Better agitation will accelerate reaction.

Process diagram
Ethanol Ethanol recycle

vegetable oil, animal fat

reaction

deposition

washing

Purify

drying

Alkyl este

Catalyst Inorganic acids Neutralization distilled deposition drying Glyxerine

fatty acids

Ethyl lactate synthesis

Ethyl lactate is a environment friendly solvent which can be

prepared from biological materials

Ethyl lactate has been commercialize and it costs less than

Traditional solvent.
Ethyl lactate could be used single or with other solvent to make

detergents such as:paint detergent,ink detergent.

A: Feedstock:
1.Lactic acid - Chemical formula

- Industrial lactic acids color range is from yellow to brown and it has discomfort acid odor. Commercial and pharmaceutical acid have concentration > 75%

- Lactic acid: Synthesized through glucose fermentation or yeast fermentation in the absence of oxygene.

2 :Ethanol - Chemical formula

- In normal condition,Ethanol is a volatile, flammable and colorless liquid.

-In industry, ethanol could be produced by hydration of ethylen or fermenting sugar or cereals.

 Reaction