Verani Dwitasari (20080310081)

The carpal scaphoid bone is known to play a key role in the function of the wrist Scaphoid fracture is most common fracture of all carpal fracture. The incidence : 2-7% of all fractures >75% of all carpal fractures

FOOSH

Fall On Out-Stretched Hand

Pain, tenderness, or swelling on the thumb side. A hard time grabbing or gripping things or moving and twisting your wrist or thumb. Bruises around the wrist.

Clinical Manifestations
How To Diagnose? Radiographs X-Ray MRI CT-Scan :

Non-union Avascular necrosis

Post-traumatic arthritis

A 39 year-old woman go to clinic approximately one year after injuring her left wrist. While she holding a sword in her hand on a tournament, an opponent caused her to hyperpronate her wrist. From radiographs, were no sign of fracture, and despite symptomatic treatment, she continued to have diffuse radial-sided wrist pain. Her examination one year after the injury revealed no visible swelling. She felt pain on radial sided when Passive extension and flexion. There was no tenderness to palpation of the waist of the scaphoid in the snuff box, or over the distal pole of the scaphoid on the palmar side.Repeat radiographs in clinic showed a non-displaced transverse fracture through the waist of the scaphoid without evidence of avascular necrosis (AVN). MRI was obtained which confirmed the fracture without AVN. She was treated with prolonged splinting for 6 months along with use of an electromagnetic bone stimulator without complete healing, after which time only symptomatic treatment was given.

A 20 year-old presented to clinic five years after injuring his left wrist. While playing soccer he was hit on the left hand with the ball, causing a forced palmar-flexion of the wrist. He had immediate pain, but was told his radiograph at the time was negative. He wore a removable splint for a few weeks with some initial improvement in symptoms. Subsequently, he had intermittent radial wrist pain, which worsened over time. Examination of his wrist in clinic 5 years after the injury revealed no visible swelling. His motion was restricted in both flexion and extension. The waist of the scaphoid was non-tender, but the proximal pole near the scapho-lunate junction was tender. Repeat radiographs in clinic showed a non-displaced transverse fracture in the proximal portion of the scaphoid with sclerosis and lucency of the proximal fragment, suggestive of AVN. Due to the chronicity of the fracture and the associated AVN, internal fixation along with vascularized bone grafting was performed with subsequent adequate healing.

A 16 year-old presented to clinic one month after the onset of right wrist pain. He had been wrestling with a friend and a few minutes afterwards noticed that his right wrist had severe diffuse pain, encompassing the radial side, the ulnar side, the palmar side, and dorsal side. He recalled no specific trauma other than his friend rolling onto his wrist and forearm. He felt no immediate pain at the time of this rolling incident. Examination revealed diffuse swelling over the mid-dorsal and volar regions of the wrist. His wrist was diffusely tender along the dorsoradial side, including the waist of the scaphoid. His range-of-motion was close to the opposite wrist with only mild discomfort at the extreme ranges. His radiograph in clinic showed a minimally displaced transverse fracture at the junction of the distal and middle thirds of the scaphoid with slight widening of the scapholunate interval (Figure 2). He was treated surgically with internal fixation and bone grafting.

Sign & Symptomp Snuffbox pain is a cardinal sign of the scaphoid fracture sensitivity 90% specificity 40& Diagnostic Plain Radiographs sensitivity 84-98% MRI sensitivity 95-100% specificity 100%

The scaphoid is the most commonly fractured bone of all carpal bones. Despite this, it is one of the most difficult fractures to accurately diagnose. Early diagnosis is important because a delay can lead to various unwanted outcomes such as delayed union, non-union, limited range of motion, and osteoarthritis. Also, due to the shape and retrograde blood supply of the scaphoid, it is highly susceptible to avascular necrosis

Pandit, Sandesh & Wen, Dennis Y. 2009. Scaphoid Fractures with Unusual Presentations : A Case Series. Department of family and Community Medicine, University Missouri : Columbia Solomon, L., Warwick, D., 2010 & Nayagam, S. Apleys System of Orthopaedics and Fractures. UK