Particulate, Gas & Vapor (Sampling Equipment)

PARTICULATE

Definitions
Aerosols the dispersion of solid or liquid

particles in the gaseous medium Dust dispersion of solid particles in the gaseous medium Fumes solid particles in a gaseous medium formed by condensation of solid materials (vapor) Smoke usually but not necessarily consist of solid particles

Shape, Size and Distribution

Various

shape,

size

and

density

of

particulate AED is the diameter of a unit density sphere having the same settling velocity as the particle concern Polydisperse dust cloud (geometric mean and geometric standard deviation)

Aerodynamic Behavior In Airstream

Impaction proportional to the momentum

i.e. mass and velocity Sedimentation proportional to its diameter Diffusion for particles < 0.1um

Size Selective and Selected Area of Deposition

Nasopharyngeal

deposition (upper respiratory tract) 7 to 20um Tracheobronchial (conducting airways) 5 to 7um Alveolar region (gas exchange area) 0.5 5um

Inhaled Dust Fractions (Sampling Instrument)

Respirable dust the dust fraction that will

penetrate to the unciliated portion of the lungs

Purpose of Sampling
Compliance with the requirement of the law

Health risk assessment

Epidemiological study

Assessment of control measures

Type of Sampling
Area sampling

Personal sampling

Type of Sample & Equipment

Total dust

Inspirable dust 7 hole sampler, IOM

sampler, close face sampler Respirable dust BMRC horizontal elutriator, AEC cyclone Thoracic dust vertical elutriator Fibers open face sampler with cowl

Sampling Equipment
Real time piezobalance, dust counter etc

Non real time filtration, impaction

(cascade impactor)

GAS & VAPOR

Definitions
Gas a state of matter in which a substance

completely fills the region in which it is contained; has very low density and viscosity; can expand and contract greatly in response to changes in temperature and pressure; and easily diffuses into other gases e.g., CO, CO2, HCN, NH4, SO2, H2S, N2O, O3, Formaldehyde, phosgene, arsine, vinyl chloride etc

 Vapour the gaseous state or form of a

substance which is normally in the liquid or solid state at room temperature and pressure. The liquid or solid may be reduced to the vapor by the action of heat. A vapor can be liquefied by a suitable increase in pressure e.g., toluene, xylene, alcohol, C2S, benzene, carbon tetrachloride etc

Physiological Effects
Carcinogens vinyl chloride, benzene,

benzidine, B-napthylamine, formaldehyde Systemic poisons C2S, parathion, hexane, chlorinated hydrocarbon Asphyxiation CO, CH4, HS, Na Nitrite Irritation acid, alkali, O3, N2O, phosgene Anesthetic/narcosis alcohol, ketones Sensitizer TDI, formaldehyde

Physicochemical Properties
Solubility

Melting and boiling points

Vapor pressure

Vapor density or relative density

Flash point

CSDS
Physicochemical properties

Purpose of Sampling
Compliance with the requirement of the law

Health risk assessment

Epidemiological study

Assessment of control measures

Type of Sampling
Area sampling

Personal sampling

Sampling Equipment
Real time

Non real time

Sampling Equipment (examples)

Charcoal tubes with pump

Passive sampler (diffusion membrane)

Bubbler (midget impinger)

MIRAN
Portable gas chromatography Detector tubes