ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

YESHWANTH BATHULOOR-09C21A0471

CONTENTS

SINGLE CARRIER SYSTEM MULTI CARRIER SYSTEM FDM OFDM DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FDMAND OFDM CHARACTERISTICS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES APPLICATIONS

SINGLE CARRIER SYSTEM

SINGLE CARRIER SYSTEM

Sequential Transmission of Waveforms

Waveforms are of Short Duration T Waveforms Occupy Full System Bandwidth 1/T

MULTI-CARRIER SYSTEM

MULTI-CARRIER SYSTEM

Parallel Transmission of Waveforms

Waveforms are of long Duration MT Waveforms Occupy 1/M th Of System Bandwidth 1/T

FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is a technique by which the total bandwidth available in a communication medium is divided into a series of nonoverlapping frequency sub-bands, each of which is used to carry a separate signal. This allows a single transmission medium such as a cable or optical fiber to be shared by many signals.

FDM

FDM WITH NON OVERLAPPING SUBCARRIERS

ORTHOGONALITY

Two signals are said to be Orthogonal if peak of one signal occurs at null of the other signal.
The phase difference between two orthogonal signals is 90 degrees.

ORTHOGONAL SIGNALS

ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies. A large number of closely spaced orthogonal sub-carrier signals are used to carry data on several parallel data streams or channels

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FDM AND OFDM

Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is a technology that transmits multiple signals simultaneously over a single transmission path, such as a cable or wireless system. Each signal travels within its own unique frequency range (carrier), which is modulated by the data. Orthogonal FDM's (OFDM) spread spectrum technique distributes the data over a large number of carriers that are spaced apart at precise frequencies.

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

OFDM

OFDM TRANSMITTER

OFDM RECEIVER

CHARACTERISTICS

ORTHOGONALITY

In OFDM, the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen so that they are orthogonal to each other, meaning that cross-talk between the subchannels is eliminated and intercarrier guard bands are not required. This greatly simplifies the design of both the transmitter and the receiver; unlike conventional FDM, a separate filter for each sub-channel is not required.

OFDM requires very accurate frequency synchronization between the receiver and the transmitter, with frequency deviation the sub-carriers will no longer be orthogonal, causing inter-carrier interference (ICI) (i.e., cross-talk between the sub-carriers).

GUARD INTERVAL

Low symbol rate modulation schemes suffer less from intersymbol interference caused by multipath propagation, so it is advantageous to transmit a number of low-rate streams in parallel . Since the duration of each symbol is long, it is feasible to insert a guard interval between the OFDM symbols, thus eliminating the intersymbol interference.

If one sends a million symbols per second using single-carrier modulation, then the duration of each symbol would be one microsecond or less. This imposes severe constraints on synchronization. If the same million symbols per second are spread among one thousand subchannels, the duration of each symbol can be longer by a factor of a thousand for orthogonality with approximately the same bandwidth

ADAPTIVE TRANSMISSION

The resilience to severe channel conditions can be further enhanced if information about the channel is sent over a return-channel. Based on this feedback information, adaptive modulation, channel coding and power allocation may be applied across all sub-carriers, or individually to each sub-carrier.

ADVANTAGES

Allows carriers to overlap (no guard band), resulting in lesser wasted bandwidth without any Inter Carrier Interference (ICI) High data rate distributed over multiple carriers resulting in lower symbol rate (more immune to ISI) Permits higher data rate as compared to FDM Simple guard intervals make the system more robust to multipath effects.

DISADVANTAGES

Sensitive to Doppler shift. Sensitive to frequency synchronization problems. High peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR), requiring linear transmitter circuitry, which suffers from poor power efficiency. Loss of efficiency caused by /guard interval. The double sideband modulation of each sub-carrier causes lower spectral efficiency and higher transmitter power requirements

APPLICATIONS

ADSL(Asymmetric digital subscriber line) Powerline Technology Wireless local area networks (LAN) and metropolitan area networks (MAN) Wireless personal area networks (PAN) Terrestrial digital radio and television broadcasting

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