MODULE OUTCOMES:

MO1
Identify basic mathematical concepts, skills and mathematical techniques for
algebra, calculus and data handling.
MO2
Apply the mathematical calculations, formulas, statistical methods and calculus
techniques for problem solving in industry.
MO3 Analyze calculus and statistical problems in industry.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, student should be able to :
Identify the rules of differentiation
Apply the rules of differentiation to find the derivative of a given
function
Solve simple differentiation problems
Differentiate higher order differentiation
Identify the nature of critical points: maximum, minimum and
inflection points
Determine the coordinates of the maximum point and minimum
point
Solve basic application of differentiation in economic and
engineering concepts
Define the integration as anti-derivative
Use the basic rules of integration
Solve simple integration problems
Solve basic application of integration

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Differentiation
Rules of Differentiation
Rule 1 : The Derivative of a Constant



Example 1
Differentiate


Solution



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0 = c
dx
d
3 = y
0 =
dx
dy
Rule 2 : The General Power Rule



Example 2
Differentiate

Solution





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1
=
n n
nx x
dx
d
4
x y =
3
4x
dx
dy
=
Rule 3 : The Derivative of a Constant times a
Function


Example 3
Differentiate

Solution







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) ( ) ( x kf x kf
dx
d
=
2
3x y =
x
dx
dy
2 3 =
x 6 =
Rule 4 : The Derivative of a Sum or a Difference



Example 4
Differentiate

Solution







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dx
dv
dx
du
v u
dx
d
+ = + ) (
x x x f 7 3 ) (
2
=
x
dx
d
x
dx
d
x f 7 3 ) (
2 '
=
7 6 = x
Rule 5 : The Product Rule

Example 5
Differentiate

Solution
Let

Therefore, using the formula for Product Rule






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dx
du
v
dx
dv
u uv
dx
d
+ = ) (
) 1 )( 2 6 (
3 2
+ + = x x x y
x x u 2 6
2
+ =
1
3
+ = x v
2 12 + = x
dx
du 2
3x
dx
dv
=
dx
du
v
dx
dv
u
dx
dy
+ =
) 2 12 )( 1 ( ) 3 )( 2 6 (
3 2 2
+ + + + = x x x x x
2 12 8 30
3 4
+ + + = x x x
Rule 6 : The Quotient Rule

Example 6
Differentiate

Solution
Let


Therefore, using the formula for Quotient Rule






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2
) (
v
dx
dv
u
dx
du
v
v
u
dx
d

=
1 3
7
2

+
=
x
x
y
7
2
+ = x u 1 3 = x v
x
dx
du
2 = 3 =
dx
dv
2
2
) 1 3 (
) 3 )( 7 ( ) 2 )( 1 3 (

+
=
x
x x x
dx
dy
2
2
) 1 3 (
21 2 3

=
x
x x
Rule 7 : The Chain Rule

Example 7
Differentiate

Solution
Let


Therefore, using the formula for Chain Rule






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dx
du
du
dy
dx
d
=
4 2
) 5 ( = x y
5
2
= x u
4
u y =
x
dx
du
2 =
3
4u
du
dy
=
x x x u
dx
dy
2 ) 5 ( 4 2 4
3 2 3
= =
3 2
) 5 ( 8 = x x
Rule 8 : The Power Rule

Example 8
Differentiate

Solution







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dx
du
x u n x u
dx
d
n n 1
)) ( ( )) ( (

=
4 2
) 5 ( = x y
) 5 ( ) 5 ( 4
2 1 4 2
=

x
dx
d
x
dx
dy
x x 2 ) 5 ( 4
3 2
=
3 2
) 5 ( 8 = x x
Exercise
1. Find for the following functions :

(a)
(b)
(c)

(d)
(e)

(f)
(g)
(h)


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dx
dy
5
4x y =
( ) ) 7 ( 1 4
3 2
x x x y + =
1 3
7 2
2
+
+
=
x
x
y
2 5
) 7 ( x x y + =
3
8
1
x
y + =
5 2
) 2 1 )( 3 4 ( x x x y + + =
x x y = 2
3
3
2
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
x
x
y
Differentiate Higher Order Derivatives
0Derivative of a function is a function
0Differentiate the derivative of a function and
thus obtain the higher derivative of the
function.

or or is called the first derivative

or or is called the second
derivative


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dx
dy
'
f
2
2
dx
y d
' '
f
Example 9
Given , find and

Solution




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5 4 2 3 ) (
2 3 4
+ + = x x x x x f ) (
'
x f ) (
' '
x f
5 4 2 3 ) (
2 3 4
+ + = x x x x x f
2 12 36 ) (
4 2 6 12 ) (
2 ' '
2 3 '
+ =
+ =
x x x f
x x x x f
Maximum and Minimum Values
Definition
0 Critical Point
0 A point on curve where the gradient is zero (0) that is:

= 0 or

is not defined.
0 3 types of critical point:
0 Maximum point
0 Minimum point
0 Inflection point



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Maximum Point Minimum Point

= 0

is not defined
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Maximum and minimum
points
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Continue..
0 If

= 0 the critical point is also known as the

stationary point.
0 The maximum and minimum points are also called
turning points.


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Continue..
0 If

> 0 then the function is increasing in the

interval , .

0 If

< 0 then the function is decreasing in the

interval , .

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Example 10
0 Find the intervals on which the function =
2

4 +3 is increasing and decreasing.

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Solution
=
2
4 +3

= 2 4 = 2( 2)

If < 2, < 0 (-ve). Therefore, is decreasing.

If > 2, > 0 (+ve). Therefore, is increasing.

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The first derivative test
0 Maximum point
0 Refer the following graph, point A is a
maximum point. The slope of the curve is
positive (+ve) to the left of point (, )
and negative to the right of the point
(, ).
0 If = () have a maximum point at = ,
then

= 0 at = .
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The first derivative test
Maximum point

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()
=
(, )
Maximum point
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The first derivative test
< = >
() + 0 -
m
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Test table
The first derivative test
0 Minimum point
0 Refer the following graph, point B is a
minimum point. The slope () changes
from negative (-ve)to the left of point
(, ) and the curve is positive (+ve)
to the right of the point (, ).
0 If = () have a minimum point at = ,
then

= 0 at = .


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The first derivative test
0 Minimum point

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()
=
(, )
Minimum point
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The first derivative test

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< = >
() - 0 +
Slope
Test table
Example 11
0 Determine the maximum and minimum points of the
function = 4
2
using the First Derivative Test.
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Solution
= 4
2

= 4 2
Critical point when

= 0, 4 2 = 0, = 2




= 2 is a maximum number, so that the maximum
point is 2, 2 = (2, 4). The minimum point does
not exist.


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< = >
() + 0 -
Slope
Second derivative test
0 Suppose is twice differentiable at a stationary point

0
.
0 If

0
> 0, then has a relative minimum at
0
.
0 If

0
< 0, then has a relative maximum at
0
.

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Step on finding max/min points:
1. Find y(x) and y(x) .
2. Find x when y(x)=0 or where y doesnt exist.
3. Substitute x in y(x).
4. Do 2
nd
derivative test:
i. y(x) < 0 max point at x.
ii. y(x) > 0 min point at x.
iii. y(x) = 0 test failed, use 1
st
derivatives test.


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METHODS
Example 12
Locate and describe the relative extrema of =

4
2
2
.
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Solution

= 4
3
4 = 4
3
4 = 4
2
1
= 4( 1)( + 1)

= 12
2
4
Solving () yields the critical points = 0, = 1, = 1.
Then, check for

0 = 12(0)
2
4 = 4 < 0

1 = 12(1)
2
4 = 8 > 0

1 = 12(1)
2
4 = 8 > 0
Thus, there is relative maximum at = 0, and there are
relative minima at = 1 and = 1.
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Example 13
0 Use the second derivative test to find the minimum
and maximum point, if exist for the function
=
3
3
2
+2
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Solution

= 3
2
6 = 3 2

= 6 6
The critical point when

= 0; = 0 and = 2.

0 = 6 0 6 < 0; shows that there is a relative

maximum at = 0.
Then (0, 0 ) is a maximum point = (0, 2).

2 = 6 2 6 > 0; shows that there is a relative

minimum at = 2.
Then 2, 2 is a minimum point = (2, 2).

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Inflection point
0 At the critical point = , when:

< 0 to the left of = ,

and

< 0 to the right of =

= 0 at = is called the point of inflection.

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Inflection
point
Concave up
Concave down
(0.0)
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Example 14
0 Determine the maximum, minimum or inflection
points for the function
=
3
+3
2
+3

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Solution
=
3
+3
2
+3

= 3
2
+ 6

= 6 +6

= 6
At critical point,

= 0
3
2
+6 = 0
3 +2 = 0
= 0 = 2
= 3 = 7


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Solution
When = 0,

2
= 6 0 + 6 = 6 (+ve)
Therefore (0,3) is a minimum point.
When =-2,

2
= 6 2 +6 = 6 (-ve)
Therefore (2, 6) is a maximum point.
At inflection point,

2
= 0
6 + 6 = 0
= 1 = 5
Since

2
0 therefore (-1,5) is an inflection point.
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Exercise
Determine the maximum, minimum or inflection
points if they exist for each of the function below:
a. =
3
3
2
9
b. =
2
6
c. =
1
3

3
+
1
2

2
6 +8
Next, sketch the graph of the function.
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0 Rate of change and motion:
0 Mathematics modeling
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Application of differentiation
Rate of change
0 The speed at which a variable changes over a specific
period of time.
0 Rate of change for related quantities:
0 If = (), then

represents the change in y with

respect to the change in x. For example,

= 5 means
y increases by 5 units for each unit increase in x and

= 5 means y decreases by 5 units for each increase

in x.
0 In cases where three variables are involved say
= () and = (), then

.

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0 In economics we will see that the rate of change as follows:

0 If the total revenue function, () and the total cost function,
() and the total profit function, () is given by
= ()
0 And differentiating the total profit function is given by

()
0 For maximum profit,

= 0, thus

= 0
0 The relationship of revenue:
=
0 When the quantity will change in time, t then the function will
note as below:
= ()
0 From product rule we found that

as a rate of change of revenue in time.

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Continue
Example in rate of change
1. Given that = 3 4
2
where x and y are two
related variables, find the rate of change of x when x
= 2 if y increases at a rate of 2 unit
1
.

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Solution
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:

= (3 4)
2

= 3 4 , =
2

= 3,

= 2

= 2 3
= 6
Subs u = 3x-4

= 6 3 4
= 18 24
:

= 2,

18 24 = 2

18 24 = 2

18 24 = 2

=
2
18 24

S :
Given x= 2

=
2
(18 24)


=
2
36 24


=
2
12


=
1
6

Example in rate of change
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Volume of sphere is V =
4
3
r
3
. If the volume
is increasing at a rate of 10 cm
3
s
1
,Find the rate
at which the radius, r is increasing when r = 5cm.

Solution
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:

=
4
3

3
,

=
4
3
3
2


= 4
2

:

= 10,

4
2
= 10

4
2
= 10

(4
2
)=10

=
10
4
2

:

= 5

=
10
4
2


=
10
4(5)
2


=
10
100


=
1
10
cm
1

Example in rate of change
2. Suppose that a product currently sells for RM25,
with the price increasing at the rate of RM2 per year.
At this price, consumers will buy 150 thousand
items, but the number being bought is decreasing at
the rate of 8 thousand per year. At what rate is the
total revenue changing? Is the total revenue
increasing or decreasing?

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Solution
The basic relationship of revenue:
=
Suppose that the quantities are changing in time, then = ()
Where () is revenue, () is quantity sold and () is the price, all at time
t. From product rule we found that:

+ ()
From the question above:
The initial price, 0 = 25.
The rate of change of the price,

0 = 2 per year
The initial quantity, 0 = 150 (thousand items)
The rate of change of quantity,

0 = 8 (thousand items per year and

note that the negative sign denotes a decrease in Q)
Thus,

0 = 8 25 + 150 2 = +100 ( ).
Since the rate of change is positive the revenue is increasing at present. This
may be a surprise since one of the two factors in the equation is decreasing,
and the rate of decrease of the quantity is more than the rate of increase in
the price.

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3. A total revenue function is given as = 40 2
2
.
Find the second derivative of the function and comment on
the result.

Solution:

= 40 4

2
= 4 (the critical point is a maximum point)
This shows that the function of the total revenue will bring
maximum revenue at the critical point. That is the curve of
the function at the critical point will be at the highest peak.
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Motion
0 Motion is a change in position of an object with respect to time
0 In mechanics the second derivative of the displacement of an object
with respect to time is its acceleration and this is used in the
mathematical modelling of problems in mechanics using the law:
=

0 What information does the second derivative of a function give us?
Graphically, we get a property called concavity. One important
application of the second derivative is acceleration.
0 Acceleration is the instantaneous rate of change of velocity.
Consequently, if the velocity of an object at time t is given by v (t),
then the acceleration is:
=

.

0 Since derivatives are always rates of change, an equivalent
definition is: acceleration is the derivative of velocity.

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Example: 1
0 Suppose that the height of a skydiver t seconds after jumping
from an airplane is given by = 640 20 16
2
feet.
Find the persons acceleration at time t.
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Solution
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1:

= 640 20 16
2


=

= 20 16 2

= 20 32

2:

=

= 32 ft/s
2
(negative sign is shown as the direction
decreases by 32 ft/s every second due to gravity).

Example 2:
0 A particle moves along a straight line and passes
through a fixed point A. Its displacement, s from A
given by s= 6 +
2
2
3
, where t is the time, in
seconds, after passing through A. Find the
acceleration / motion function of the particle.
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Solution
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:

= 6 +
2
2
3


=

= 6 + 2 6
2

:

=

= 2 12

Therefore, the acceleration function of the particle
Is = 2 12
Mathematics modeling
0 It will illustrate how to apply the methods of calculus
to problems requiring you to find the maximum or
minimum.

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Example in Mathematics
Modeling
1. A rectangular sheet of metal having dimensions 20cm by
12cm has squares removed from each of the four corners
and the sides bent upwards to form an open box.
Determine the maximum possible volume of the box.
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MTH1022
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
(20 2x)
(12 2x)
12 cm
20 cm
Solution
0 Volume of box, =
=

= +

= for a turning point.

0 Hence, +

= , i.e. +

=
0 Using quadratic formula,
0 =
() ()

()()
()

= . .
0 Since the breadth is then = . is not possible and neglected.
0 Hence, = . .
0

= +
0 When = . ,

is negative, giving a maximum value.

0 The dimension of the box are:
0 Length = 20 2(2.427) = 15.146cm
0 Breadth = 12 2(2.427) = 7.146cm
0 Height = 2.427cm
0 Maximum volume = (15.146)(7.146)(2.427) = 262.7 cm
3


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