FIRE & EXPLOSION RISK ASSESSMENT

Roslinormansyah EHS Manager PT. Alstom Power ESI

Outline of Lecture
1. Understanding Fire and Explosion

2. Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazard

3. Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion s Risk Control

Understanding Fire and Explosion

Understanding Fire and Explosion

History of Fire and Explosion Incident

Carbide Industries,
Fire & Explosion

March , 2011

Understanding Fire and Explosion

History of Fire and Explosion Incident

Kleen Energy, Explosion

June, 2009

Understanding Fire and Explosion

Definition

1. Fire : A slow combustion that significant without overpressure

2. Explosion : A release of energy that causes a blast

3. Flammability Limit : The minimum (lower,LFL) and maximum concentration of combustible vapor in air that will propagate a flame

(source : Guidelines CPQRA, AIChE, 2000)

Understanding Fire and Explosion

Basic Philosophy

Understanding Fire and Explosion

Philosophy of FERA

Objective of FERA

Flammability Limits range

Understanding Fire and Explosion

Flammability Limits (FL)

Flammability Limits (FL) = (suhu, tekanan, inert gas)

Understanding Fire and Explosion

Philosophy of Combustion

Combusation = (FL, Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE), Surface Area)

Understanding Fire and Explosion

Fire occurance step
1. 2. 3. 4. Jet Fire Flash Fire Pool Fire Fireball

Understanding Fire and Explosion

Explosion occurance step
Explosion

Physical Explosion 1. 2. 3. 4. Overpressure BLEVE - Fireball RPT UVCE/CVE

Chemical Explosion 1. Runway reaction

Understanding Fire and Explosion

Physical Properties Key Factor of Flammable 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Boiling Point Vapor Pressure Flash Point Autoignition Enthalphy of Combustion (Hc) MIE Density Conductivity of material Size of material

Understanding Fire and Explosion

Environmental Properties Key Factor of Fire /Explosion 1. Operational Parameter (Pressure, Flowrate, Temp, etc) 2. Lay-out of unit process/equipment 3. Installation (congested, confined, etc)

4. Source of heat (open fire, conductive heat, static electric, etc)

5. Meteorogical condition (Wind speed, direction, etc) 6. Leakage dimension (bore, rupture, hole, etc)

Understanding Fire and Explosion

Impact of Fire & Explosion 1. Breakage the molecular bond 2. Heat Flux / Heat Radition 3. Poisonous Gas

4. Blast Wave/Shock Wave

5. Debris trajectory/projectile

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazard

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Overall Risk Assessment Process

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Detail Risk Assessment Process

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Step 1 Describe system and identify hazards

Scenario Development

Screening Method

Credible Scenario

Potential Accident Scenario

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Step 1 Describe system and identify hazards

Scenario Development
Merupakan critical step dalam FERA - Key word : Loss of Containment - Tool yang umum dipergunakan What-If HAZOPs FMEA Incident Analysis Tie-Bow Analysis

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Step 1 Describe system and identify hazards Screening Method Mencari scenario yang memiliki tingkat rangking/index yang besar - Umumnya berbagai scenario tersebut dibandingkan - Metode yang umumnya dipergunakan : Kualitatif : Risk Rating, Expert Adviser Semi-kuantitatif : TNO-Purple Book Method, DFEI, DCEI AHP (expert judgement), SWeHI, MaxCred Method

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Step 1 Describe system and identify hazards

Credible Scenario
Merupakan scenario yang akan dianalisis lebih lanjut tingkat consequences dan probability-nya

Merupakan model yang memiliki tingkat kemiripan yang tinggi bila terjadi accident
Tidak menggambarkan secara keseluruhan (each system has particular credible scenario)

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Step 2 Determination of frequency and consequences

Frequency
Menggambarkan tingkat failure setiap peralatan yang terlibat dalam Credible Scenario

Memiliki satuan (../waktu)

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Step 2 Determination of frequency and consequences
Frequency Fault Tree Analysis

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Frequency
Event Tree Analysis

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Frequency

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Consequences

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Consequences

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Consequences
Impact Calculation of Explosion

TNT Method

BST Method

TNO Method

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Consequences
Impact Calculation of Explosion TNT Method

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Consequences
Impact Calculation of Explosion TNO Method

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Consequences
Impact Calculation of Explosion BST Method

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Consequences
Impact Calculation of Fire

Fire Ball Effect

Jet Fire Effect

Pool Fire Effect

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Consequences
Impact Calculation of Fire Fire Ball Effect

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Consequences
Impact Calculation of Fire Pool Fire Effect

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Consequences
Impact Calculation of Fire Jet Fire Effect

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Estimating the Risk Analysis
Explosion Frequency

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Estimating the Risk Analysis
Fire Ball Frequency

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Estimating the Risk Analysis
Pool Fire Frequency

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Estimating the Risk Analysis
Individual Risk Calculation

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Estimating the Risk Analysis
Societal Risk Calculation

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Risk Criteria

Framework of Risk Assessment on Fire and Explosion Hazards

Fire and Explosion Risk Assessment Result

Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion s Risk Control

Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion s Risk Control

Startegy Prevention and Mitigation

Prevention Barrier

Mitigation Barrier

Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion s Risk Control

Prevention Barrier 1. Inherently Safe Practice Principles Minimize: Reducing the amount of hazardous material present at any one time Substitute: Replacing one material with another of less hazard Moderate: Reducing the strength of an effect Simplify: Designing out problems rather than adding additional equipment or features to deal with them 2. Engineering consideration Hazardous Area Zone Classification (IEC/EN 60079, NFPA 479, API 500) Heating Venting Air Circulation (HVAC) system Electric Static Discharge (ESD) system Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) Design Emergency Shut Down Valve (ESDV) System Lay-out facility (lokasi, jarak, dll) Mechanical Protection (Material, Coating, dll) Inerting System

Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion s Risk Control

Prevention Barrier 3. Operation Consideration Preventive Maintenance Program (inspeksi rutin, testing peralatan, dll) Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) (operating parameter controlling, alarm system, dll) Housekeeping Kompetensi Personel Implementasi Sistem Manajemen Pengendalian Kerugian (Manajemen resiko) Permit System Storage and handling management system Cooling system (Deluge water system, vessel cooling system, dll) Accident Investigation and Lesson Learned Electrical Connection System (Lighting Protection, Grounding, dll)

Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion s Risk Control

Mitigation Barrier 1. Engineering Consideration Hydrant & Sprinkle System Purging system (PSV, Rupture Disc, Flare System, dll) Dikes Network Water Curtain System CO2/Inert Gas Suppression System Blast-Wall

Selection safeguard for Fire and Explosion s Risk Control

Mitigation Barrier 2. Operation Consideration Fire Extinghuisers (APAR) Foam system Emergency Response Plan (assembly area) Personal Protective Equipment (APD) Community Emergency Response

Question ?