Tenses bentuk kata kerja yg menunjukkan waktu

dari suatu tindakan atau kegiatan Berdasar ada tidaknya kata kerja nyata, kalimat dibagi jadi dua : kalimat nominal dan kalimat verbal

Kalimat nominal
Tidak memiliki kata kerja nyata, hanya mempunyai kata kerja penghubung yaitu to be sebagai kata kerja utamanya. am, is, are, was, were, be, been

Kalimat verbal
Memiliki kata kerja nyata sebagai kata kerja utamanya (main verb). walk, drink, feel, come etc.

Kalimat Nominal

Subject + is/am/are + complement

I am a student She is a singer

You are lecturer

Ikrar and Amin are famous magician

Kalimat Verbal Subject + Verb1/verb-s/-es (klu he,se it pke s-es)

I go to school every day You look happy They do their work on time We like this song He comes to his house twice a day He learns English almost every day

Notes: Jika subyeknya:

I, you, we, they, my friends kata kerjanya: verb1 he, she, it, Andi, my friend kata kerjanya: verb-s/es

Mengungkapkankejadian, tindakan atau sesuatu dgn ciri-2 berikut: 1. Kebiasaan

My sister drinks milk every morning They speak English every day

2. Kebenaran Umum
The sun rises in the east The world is round

3. Terjadwal atau terencana

The train arrives at 04.00 The shop closes at 09.00

Time

Now

Tanda waktu (Time marker)

Every : every day, every morning, every Sunday, every year, Always, never, rarely, sometimes, often, usually. On Sundays, on Fridays In the morning, in the evening

Kalimat Nominal

Subject + is/am/are + complement

I am an university student She is a singer

You are director

Kalimat Verbal

Subject + Verb1/verb-s/-es
I go to school every day You look happy They do their work on time We like this song He comes to his house twice a day He learns English almost every day

Digunakan pada:
1. Kejadian yg sedang berlangsung
Susi is sleeping at her room now They are watching TV now

2. Kejadian yang akan datang dlm waktu dekat

We are living for Bali tomorrow morning We are coming soon

Time

Now

Kata kerja yg tak bisa (hampir tidak pernah) menjadi verb-ing:

wish want understand remember realize hate hear believe belong taste suppose sound love mean need own forget smell seem see prefer like know appear have

Time markers
now at the moment at present the moment this time

Kalimat Nominal
Subject + has/have/been + complement
I have been here for two hours They have been in Malaysia since five years ago He has been here for years

Kalimat Verbal

Subject + has/have + verb3

I have lived here for three years We have done our work since yesterday He has written this storybook Mr. Rusdi has written many books since he graduated from the university

Digunakan ketika mengungkapkan:

1. Tindakan atau keinginan yg tlh selesai sebelum now
She done all the works We have visited some libraries in this town

2. Perbuatan atau kegiatan yg dilakukan pd waktu lampau dan msh berkaitan dgn waktu sekarang
My father has taught Maths since twenty years ago I have waited for my mother for two hours

3. Aktivitas yg tlh selesai dilakukan, namun hasilnya bs dirasakan saat ini

She has read this book. They have seen this film several time.

Time

Now

Time markers
Since .: since last week, since 1972 For .: for three months, for two days Already, just, not yet, three times, so far

Kalimat nominal Sama dengan Present Perfect Tense

Subject + has/have/been + Complement

Kalimat Verbal

Subject + has/have/been + verb-ing

I have been learning English for twoyears The baby has been sleeping three hours My sisters has been sleeping since three oclock

Digunakan ketika mengungkapkan:

Suatu aktivitas berlangsung cukup lama, dimulai pada masa lampau dan masih terus berlangsung sampai sekarang
Contoh: I have been learning English for two years

Time

Now

Time markers
Since .: since I was a child
since two years ago since we met

For .: for three years

for three hours

Kalimat Nominal

Subject + was/were + complement

I was in Bali last week She was very happy yesterday Edwin was here yust now They were very excited We were very happy

Kalimat Verbal

Subject + Verb2
John went to Singapore last month He visited me yesterdaay She wrote a letter to her father last week I met Linda three days ago They drank tea this morning

Mengungkapkan
1. Kejadian yg terjd di waktu tertentu di masa lampau
Dina was here yesterday He played badminton last Saturday

2. Kebiasaan atau kejadian yg berulangulang di masa lampau

He always studied hard when he was a student In the past, smoked almost every day You always cried every day when you were a baby

Time

Now

Tanda waktu (Time marker)

Yesterday Just now. Last : last week, last month, last year, last Monday, last February .. ago: three days ago, two weeks ago, two years ago

Kalimat Nominal
Sama dengan Simple Past Tense

Subject + was/were + complement

Kalimat Verbal

Subject + was/were + verb-ing

Susi was listening to the radio when I came The young lady was sleeping when her friends arrived
When I was writing a story , my mother phoned

The director phoned me when I was attending a meeting

Indi was watching television, while Indra was reading a novel

Digunakan untuk mengungkapkan:

1. Tindakan di masa lampau yang disela tindakan atau kejadian yg lain
Susi was watching television when I came

2. Dua kejadian atau tindakan yg terjadi dlm waktu yg sama di masa lampau
Iwan was reading a book while Susan was sitting in the living room

3. Kejadian atau tindakan yg sedang berlangsung pd waktu tertentu di masa lampau

Doni was studying at eight oclock last night

Time

Now

Time markers
when while at

Kalimat Nominal Subject + had been + complement

He had been here before I came The student had been in the classroom before the lecturer come in

Kalimat Verbal Subject + had + verb 3

Didan had gone to the school before he went home Dina drank her tea after she had finished her work Before Shinta cooked, she had bought meat in the market Doni had lived in Jakarta for five years before he moved to Surabaya

Digunakan untuk mengungkapkan:

1. Tindakan yg terjd sebelum tindakan lain di masa lampau
Didan had gone to the school before he went home

2. Kejadian atau kondisi atau peristiwa yg berlangsung selama waktu tertentu dimsa lampau, tetapi berhenti sebelum now
Doni had lived in Jakarta for five years before he moved to Surabaya

Time

Now

Time markers
before after when

Kalimat Nominal
Sama dengan pola Past Perfect Tense

Subject + had been + complement

Kalimat Verbal

Subject + had + been + verb-ing

My father had been working at the company for twenty years before he retired

Time

Now

Time markers
before for

Kalimat Nominal
Subject + well/shall + be + complement I shall be here tomorrow They will be very happy because of you She will be there

Kalimat Verbal 1 Subject + well/shall + verb 1

The disrector will create a new movie next
Sunday They will take an examination tomorrow morning Tantri will travel around Kalimantan next March

Kalimat Verbal 2
Subject + am/is/are + going to + verb 1
I am going to finish my study next November He is going to visit Bali next month They are going to see their parents this weekend

Time marker
1. Tomorrow 2. Next ..: next week; next month; next year 3. Tonight 4. In the future 5. This weekend 6. In five days

Kalimat Nominal
Sama dengan Future Tense

Subject + well/shall + be + complement

Kalimat Verbal
Subject + well/shall + be + verb-ing

The disreAt 8 oclock tomorrow, I will be

watching my favorite film He will be listening his favorite song at this time tomorrow She will be attending the biologic class at this time next Tuesday

Time marker
1. At this time omorrow 2. At nin e oclock tomorrow morning 3. At the same time tomorrow