IRRIGATION NECESSITY

Dr. H. Prashanth Reddy

IRRIGATION
What is irrigation? The process of artificial application of water to the soil for the growth of agricultural crops is known as irrigation

Why irrigation is required Rainfall is not distributed evenly with time and space

NECESSITY OF IRRIGATION
Less rainfall Non-uniform rainfall (there may not be rain when crop needed most) Commercial crops require additional water Controlled water supply may be achieved with irrigation

FACTORS WHICH GOVERN THE NECESSITY OF

IRRIGATION (1) insufficient rainfall Seasonal rainfall is less than the minimum requirement of crops (2) Uneven distribution of rainfall Uneven distribution of rainfall during the crop period (3) to grow commercial crops Crops like sugarcane, cotton require water throughout the year

FACTORS WHICH GOVERN THE NECESSITY OF

IRRIGATION (4) development of agriculture in desert area Rainfall is very scanty in desert areas and irrigation is required for the development of agriculture

MERITS OF IRRIGATION
(1) Yield of crops Yield of crop during drought period may be increased by irrigation (2) Protection from famine The food protection of country may be improved by ensuring the growth of crops by irrigation (3) Prosperity of farmers Two or more crops may be grown in a year on the same land

MERITS OF IRRIGATION
(4) Improvement in cash crops Irrigation improve the cultivation of cash crops like vegetables, fruits and tobacco etc. (5) Source of revenue Taxes may be collected from farmers who use irrigation facilities. (6) Hydroelectric power generation Multipurpose reservoirs generate hydropower along with providing irrigation (7) Water supply Irrigation canals also supply water to the domestic and industrial needs

DEMERITS OF IRRIGATION
(1) Rising of water table The water table in the surrounding area of may be raised and the soil may develop alkaline property (2) Formation of damp conditions The temperature of the commanded area may be lowered and that area may become damp (3) Formation of marshy land Excessive seepage and leakage of water from the irrigation canals may lead to marshy lands and become breeding grounds for mosquitos (4) Loss of valuable lands Valuable land may be get submerged when the storage reservoir are built

RESOURCES OF IRRIGATION
(1) Rainfall Runoff from rainfall is diverted to canal system by weirs, barrages and dams (2) Snow melting Rivers carry water from snow melting in summer can be diverted to canal system (3) ground water Ground water is taken out with the help of pumps , tube wells for irrigation purposes.

TYPES OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Three types of irrigation systems are available (i) Gravity flow (ii) Tank or reservoir irrigation (iii) Lift irrigation

TYPES OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Gravity flow Gravity flow irrigation is providing water due to gravity without any mechanical means 2. Tank irrigation Small dams are constructed for the irrigation purposes due to topography will not permit canal irrigation system 3. Lift irrigation If water source is at the lower level than the supply level then we try to supply water by using lift irrigation.
1.

CLASSIFICATION OF IRRIGATION CANALS

Perennial canals Water is available through out the year 2. Non-Perennial Canals These are the canals which irrigate the field for only one part of the year 3. Inundation Canals Inundation canals draw water only during periodical rise of water in the river
1.

CLASSIFICATION OF CANALS BASED ON

DISCHARGE (1) Main canals (2) Branch canals (3) Distributary canals (4) Field canals

CLASSIFICATION OF CANALS BASED ON

DISCHARGE Main Canals 1. Main canals carries discharge directly from river. 2. It carries large supply of water (> 10 cumecs) 3. Not directly used for irrigation 4. Supply water to branch canals

CLASSIFICATION OF CANALS BASED ON

DISCHARGE

Branch canal The branch canal are taken off from either side of the main canal at suitable points The discharge varies from 5 to 10 cumecs Distributory Canal Distributory canals take off from branch canal They supply water to field canals or water courses through outlets. Discharge varies from 0.25 to 3 cumecs

CLASSIFICATION OF CANALS BASED ON

DISCHARGE

Distributory canals divided as Major distibutory and minor distributory Major distibutory canals are taken off from main canals. (Q between 0.25 to 3 cumecs) Minor distributory canals are taken off from branch canals. (Q between 0.25 to 3 cumecs)

CLASSIFICATION OF CANALS BASED ON

DISCHARGE

Field canals These channels are taken off from the outlets of distributory canals. They supply water directly to fields Field canals are maintained by farmers

CANAL LINING OBJECTIVES OF CANAL LININGS

1. To control seepage losses Seepage loss is maximum loss in unlined canals. To balance seepage losses, capacity of the reservoir has to be increased. To control seepage lining of the canal is necessary. 2. To prevent water-logging Leakage water from sides of canal inundates low lying areas along the canal. These low lying areas become alkaline and unsuitable for agriculture These low lying areas become breeding ground for mosquitos

CANAL LINING OBJECTIVES OF CANAL LININGS

3. To increase the capacity of Canal The velocity in unlined canal is fixed low to prevent scouring and silting. (velocity < 1 m/s) Discharge capacity of unlined canal is low To increase the discharge in an unlined canal, the width of the canal needs to be increased which involves more land required 4. To increase the command area Lining is required to prevent seepage losses and ultimately command area of the project may be enhanced.

CANAL LINING OBJECTIVES OF CANAL LININGS

5. To protect the canal from the flood damage During heavy rains, high velocities in unlined canals heavily scour and silt . To prevent the damage, the lining should be provided

CANAL LINING OBJECTIVES OF CANAL LININGS

6. To control the growth of weeds The growth of various types of weeds along the sides of canals is a common problem Some weeds are found to grow along the bed of the canals The weeds on the bed and sides reduce the flow and capacity of the canals Unlined canals require excessive maintenance for clearing the weeds.

CANAL LINING TYPES OF LINING

Three types of canal lining are available 1. Plain cement concrete lining 2. Reinforced cement concrete lining 3. Brick lining

CANAL LINING PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE LINING

1.

2.

3.

The cement concrete lining is widely accepted. It can resist the effect of scouring and erosion very efficiently The velocity of flow may be kept more than 2.5 m/s

CANAL LINING PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE LINING

The plain cement concrete lining is done in following steps. (a) Preparation of sub-grade Subgrade is prepared by compacting the surface properly with a layer of sand (15 cm thick) The slurry of cement and sand (1:3) is spread uniformly over the prepared bed.

CANAL LINING PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE LINING

(b) Laying concrete The cement concrete of grade M15 is spread uniformly according to the desired thickness. After laying, the concrete is tapped gently until the slurry comes on the top. The curing is done for 2 weeks Expansion joints are provided to take care of expansion of concrete

CANAL LINING BRICK LINING

This lining is prepared by the double layer brick flat soling laid with cement mortar (1:6) over the compacted sub-grade. First class bricks are recommended for this purpose. The surface of the lining is finished with cement plaster (1:3). The curing should be done perfectly. The brick lining is preferred for the following reasons

CANAL LINING BRICK LINING

Advantages of brick lining (i) brick lining is economical (ii) work can be done very quickly (iii) expansion joints are not required (iv) repair works can be done easily (v) Bricks available locally

CANAL LINING BRICK LINING

Disadvantages of brick lining (i) it is not completely impervious (ii) It has low resistance against erosion (iii) it is not so much durable

CANAL LINING REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE LINING

Reinforcement is required to increase the resistance against cracks and shrinkage cracks. The reduction in the cracks results in less seepage losses. The RCC lining is expensive (15%) and not used frequently.

ADVANTAGES OF CANAL LINING

1. It reduces the loss of water due to seepage and hence the duty is enhanced. 2. It controls the water logging and hence consequences are eliminated. 3. It provides smooth surface and hence the velocity of flow can be increased 4. discharge capacity of the channel is also increased

ADVANTAGES OF CANAL LINING

It eliminates the effect of scouring in the canal bed The increased velocity eliminates the possibility of silting in the canal bed It controls the growth of weeds along the canal sides and bed It provides stable cross section It reduces requirement of land width for the canal It reduces the maintenance cost

DISADVANTAGES OF CANAL LINING

1. The initial cost of the canal lining is very high 2. Difficulties in repairing the damaged section of lining. 3. It takes longer to complete the project work 4. It becomes difficult, if the outlets are required to be shifted or new outlets are required to be provided.

FACTORS AFFECTING TYPE OF LINING

(1) Imperviousness When the canal passes through the sandy soil the seepage loss is maximum and the canal is unstable. Cement concrete lining is required for this kind of situation. (2) Smoothness Smoothness of canal lining increase the flow rate in the canal. Cement concrete lining gives smooth surface to the canal

FACTORS AFFECTING TYPE OF LINING

(3) Durability To make the canal section more durable against all adverse effects like scouring, erosion and weather action, etc. cement concrete lining is required (4) Economy The lining should be economically viable with benefits that may be accrued from the expected revenue, yield of crop etc.

FACTORS AFFECTING TYPE OF LINING

(5) Site condition The canal may pass through marshy land, loose sandy soil, alluvial soil, black clayey soil and hard soil etc., lining is recommended according to type (6) Life of project Lining is required depends on the canal design to serve how long in future

FACTORS AFFECTING TYPE OF LINING

(7) Availability of construction materials The expenditure of lining depends on the availability of construction materials locally, transportation charges of materials to the site.

MANNINGS ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS FOR

DIFFERENT TYPES OF LINING Bricklining 0.014 to 0.017 Earth lining: 0.02 PCC: 0.014 RCC: 0.012