Bringing you Back to the Context

Question No 1
What is Bugging You in the Discussions Yesterday In Relation to being the CONVERGER?

Topic 2: What Are Your Types of APP Convergence Projects

NCI-IEM Governance Frameworks

ES Guiang October 2012

The GOVERNANCE of ENR and the Lands of the Public Domains and Ancestral Lands are:

Controls (policies, rules, and

regulations) that are in:

a) Statutory issuances
b) Customary
communities

(legal) under the

Constitution, laws, orders, PDs, PPs, DAOs, etc; and laws (traditions) of

The GOVERNANCE of ENR and the Lands of the Public Domain and Ancestral Lands are:

Controls that:
Define
ENR Responsibility, Accountability, Authority (RAAs) for ENRM and every hectare of lands of the public domains and ancestral lands; and

Guide Choices, Decisions, Actions (CDAs) based on

Transparent, Accountable, Participatory (TAP) principles in planning, implementing, monitoring, evaluating, and financing land and ENR programs.

Lands of Public Domain

Lands of the public domain are classified into agricultural, forest or timber, mineral lands, and national parks.
(Constitution. Art. XII, Sec. 3)

ENR assets include the lands of the public domain. Who owns them? Who is the State?
All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces of potential energy, fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife, flora and fauna, and other natural resources are owned by the State. With the exception of agricultural lands, all other natural resources shall not be alienated. (Art. XII, Sec. 2)

Sectoralized Governance of ENR and Lands of Public Domain:

1987 Philippine Constitution, Legislated Laws, and Administrative Issuances

The

Policy and Regulatory Framework - Land Classification, Allocation, Uses

Agricultural (A&D)
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law The Public Land Act AFMA, Fisheries Code

Timber or Forestlands
Revised Forestry Code EO on CBFM EO Sustainable Forest Mgt RA -Forest Charges Energy reservation JMCs DENR & DILG EO on log ban in natural forests

Protected Areas (National Park

NIPAS

Mineral Lands

Specific PA laws
Wildlife Act International Commitments Energy Law DENR-DAR-NCIP EO on log ban in natural forests

Mining Act Small Scale Mining Act

Ancestral Lands and Domains

DA, LGUs, NCIP

DENR, DOE, NCIP

Cross Cutting Governance of ENR and Lands of Public Domain:

1987 Philippine Constitution, Legislated Laws, and Administrative Issuances

The

Policy and Regulatory Framework - Land Classification, Allocation, Uses

Agricultural (A&D)
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law The Public Land Act AFMA, Fisheries Code

Timber or Forestlands
Re vised Forestry Code EO on CBFM EO Sustainable Forest Mgt RA -Forest Charges Energy reservation JMCs DENR & DILG EO on log ban in natural forests

Protected Areas (National Park

NIPAS Specific PA laws Wildlife Act International Commitments

Mineral Lands
Mining Act Small Scale Mining Act

Energy Law DENR-DAR-NCIP EO on log ban in natural forests

Cross Cutting Policies - EO 192 of DENR, IPRA Law, Climate Change Law, DRRM Law, EIA Law, ESWM Law, Biofuels and Renewable Energy Act, Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act

Governance of ENR and Lands of Public Domain:

The 1987 Philippine Constitution, Legislated Laws, and Administrative Issuances

Policy and Regulatory Framework - Land Classification, Allocation, Uses

Agricultural (A&D)
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law The Public Land Act AFMA, Fisheries Code

Timber or Forestlands
Re vised Forestry Code EO on CBFM EO Sustainable Forest Mgt RA -Forest Charges Energy reservation JMCs DENR & DILG EO on log ban in natural forests

Protected Areas (National Park

NIPAS

Mineral Lands

Specific PA laws
Wildlife Act International Commitments Energy Law DENR-DAR-NCIP EO on log ban in natural forests

Mining Act Small Scale Mining Act

Local Government Code of 1991

Governance of ENR and Lands of Public Domain:

The 1987 Philippine Constitution, Legislated Laws, and Administrative Issuances

Policy and Regulatory Framework - Land Classification, Allocation, Uses

Agricultural (A&D)
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law The Public Land Act AFMA, Fisheries Code

Timber or Forestlands
Re vised Forestry Code EO on CBFM EO Sustainable Forest Mgt RA -Forest Charges Energy reservation JMCs DENR & DILG EO on log ban in natural forests

Protected Areas (National Park

NIPAS

Mineral Lands

Specific PA laws
Wildlife Act International Commitments Energy Law DENR-DAR-NCIP EO on log ban in natural forests

Mining Act Small Scale Mining Act

In each IEM-NCI Site, the LGUs will have to use the governance framework of DENR, DA, and NCIP with respect to land and ENRM
EO 192 of DENR, Climate Change Law, DRRM Law, EIA Law, ESWM Law, Biofuels and Renewable Energy Act, Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act

Allocation and Unallocated lands of public domains and ancestral lands

Allocations of Lands of Public Domain 1. Protected areas and reservations 2. Allocations to civil and military reserves 3. Allocations to LGUs 4 Allocations to community forestry & ancestral domains 5. Allocations to the private sector 6. Unallocated forestlands (no tenure, open access) 7. Unclassified forestlands (and to be allocated) Governance-Designated Entity with Responsibility, Accountability, and Authority DENR and Other Government Agencies (PAs and reservations) Recipients of reservations (military, state universities, etc. LGUs with co-management agreements, communal forests % of 15+ million ha 26% (4+ million) 2% Minimal

Communities with tenure; IPs with 35 % (>5.5 CADTs, CADCs, claims million ha) Private tenure holders in forest lands None (State as the de-facto) None (State as the de-facto) 10 % (> 1.5 million ha) 19% (> 3 million ha) 8 % (> 1 million ha)

8. Agricultural lands (A&D)

Title holders

14+ ,mil (47%)

Ecosystems Processes, Goods and Services

1. Provisioning - food, fiber, water, medicines, etc 2. Regulating climate extremes, water flow, pests
and diseases, prey/predator population, etc. 3. Supporting the conditions for life that facilitate other ecosystems processes and services such as nutrient cycles, ecological balance, keeping thresholds levels, triggering evolution, detoxification, pollination, etc. 4. Providing cultural and spiritual benefits for spiritual enrichment, recreation, educational, research, etc.

Ecosystem Goods and Services Are Provided Across the R2R Watershed Landscapes

Integrated Ecosystem Management (IEM): Basic Concept and Its Applications in National Convergence Initiatives (NCI)
ES Guiang October 2012

First Part: IEM Concept for NCI Areas

1. What is Ecosystems Management 2. What are Ecosystems in Ridge to Reef Watersheds and Landscapes 3. Why we need Ecosystems Management 4. Why Integration in Ecosystems Management 5. What are the Benefits of IEM 6. Who gets the Benefits from IEM 7. What are the Costs in Doing IEM

Integrated Ecosystems Management in National Convergence Initiatives (IEM-NCI)

3 BIG WORDS
Ecological systems or Ecosystems Management Integrated

An Ecological System or Ecosystem Refers to a localized group of interdependent organisms together with the environment that they inhabit and depend on.
Adapted from Microsoft Encarta 2009. 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved; Convention of Biological Diversity (1995).

Ecosystems are:
Functional systems because of complementation, cooperation, coordination, timeliness, predictability, cycles, order, and purpose,

yielding various beneficial ecological processes and services, that are generically called ECOSYSTEMS SERVICES

DOFI

The units and organisms in the ecosystems are:

Interdependent and interconnected of each other through various links o o o o o o ridge to reef landscapes in a watershed, food chain, nutrient cycling, water flow socio-cultural uses economic activities

DOFI

Organisms in ECOSYSTEMS are dynamically interacting propelling biodiversity and yielding all kinds of ecosystem goods and services

Variety and Variability of Ecosystems, Species, and Genes

Functional, Stable, and Managed Ecosystems:

Are more resilient or less vulnerable from the impacts of external and natural disasters such as erratic weather patterns and human interventions Can sustain the supply of economicallyvaluable ecosystems goods and services to different users Can evolve into more productive, diversified, useful, vibrant, and complex ecosystems

A Ridge to Reef Watershed-Dominated Landscapes in the Philippines

Manageable Units of Ecosystems in Watershed-Dominated Landscapes

1. Whole watershed like one of the 18 major river basins 2. A sub-watershed, cluster of sub-watersheds, or portion of sub-watershed 3. A delineated area of habitat in key biodiversity area (KBA) or an area within a KBA 4. A declared protected area (NIPAS) or a watershed 5. An ancestral domain (CADT/CADC) area 6. An island or group of islands i.e. Camotes Islands 7. A political unit coinciding with unique ecosystem or landscape e.g. Lanao del Sur

The Management of Ecosystems or Ecosystem Management

A strategy for the integrated management of land, water, and living resources By employing conservation and sustainable uses and management practices:
That are environmentally, socially, and economically sound, and That generate and maintain equitable benefits for both the present and future generations. Source: CBD, 1995.

Ecosystems Management

Science-Based Employs scientific methodologies that focus on levels of biological organizations, which encompasses
essential structures, processes, functions, and interactions among organisms and their environment.

Recognizes humans, with their cultural diversity, as integral component of ecosystems

Source: CBD, 1995.

Ecosystems Management
Common Direction Defined Tasks and Responsibilities, Accountabilities, and Authority in Decision Making Defined Relationships and Institutional Arrangements Dealing with Unintended Results, Spill Overs, free riders, and fall outs - EXTERNALITIES

The IEM-NCI Approach Pursuing Common Vision through Individual & Collective Strategic Actions
Improved land and ENR management with reduced threats & resolved issues Increased investments - public and private Sustained ecosystems goods & services that support local economies Capacities strengthened Sustainable financing established Reduced risks & damages from CC-related disasters

TASK 1. Aligning and Regulating Proper Land Uses and Investments

Investments in Conservation, rehabilitation, agroforestry, low impact ecotourism , high value crops, ENR-friendly infra and services
Investments towards orderly urbanization, and in fisheries, crops, livestock, industries, ecotourism, infrastructure, institutional and socio-cultural development, education and other economic activities

TASK 2. Strengthening Ecosystems and Communities Resiliency by Reducing Threats and Promoting Adaptation
Internal dynamics within the ecosystem itself i.e. competition, death, evolution, responses from disturbances Influences or impacts of natural processes weather, climate, movements of elements, etc. Human interventions all result to either positive or negative effects

TASK 3a. Regulating human disruptions of stable ecosystems to strengthen resiliencies

Disrupting stable ecosystem functionings has either positive or negative net impacts: On-site, off-site Upstream, downstream Now, Then Externality An ENR use or intervention that results to not just what is expected or planned for but also to unintended outcomes or consequences which may have negative or positive impacts on the ecosystem

TASK 3b. Regulating interventions that will affect ecosystems complexity, dynamism, interactions, sustainability, and functioning processes
Intervention Any of the following interventions will have ON- and OFF-SITE impacts: Use of asset or services Investment & ENR-based enterprises Restoration Laws and regulations Management On-Site 0 + Off-Site 0 +
Net Impact Some Examples

0 +

Trekking & climbing Perennial -based agro-forestry

0
0 + -

+
0 0 +

+
+ + or -

Low impact harvesting

Spring-based resorts Fuelwood and charcoal Reforestation Mining without ECC enforcement, road construction Irrigation with restriction of use rights for communities in poverty-stricken upland areas CLUP or PA zoning regime

+ or -

TASK 4. Optimizing the Comparative Advantage of Land and ENR Assets for Socioeconomic Development
Types of benefits from ENR Cash and Non-Cash, quantitative & qualitative, direct and indirect Total ENR benefits valuation of cash and non-cash benefits
40-50% of net total benefits or costs considered as private (benefits those who uses or manage the ecosystem) (Francisco, 2004) issue of fees, taxation, or loss 40-50% of total benefits or costs considered as public (common good) (Francisco, 2004) issue of free riders, penalties, taxation or fees

TASK 5a . Capturing SYNERGIES from Complementation of National and Local Programs

Synergy from Coordinating and Directing Complementary Efforts :
the working together of two or more people, organizations, or things that may result in a SUM that is greater than the sum of their individual effects or capabilities (adapted from Encarta
Encyclopedia)

 Synergy from Public and Private Investments that may:

TASK 5b. Capturing SYNERGISTIC RESULTS from Complementation of National and Local Programs
Propel movements towards Higher Value Chains Generate higher farm-gate Profits Sustain and enhance ENR assets and their ecosystems services Reduce risks and damages from natural disasters Diversify and broaden the base of ecosystem-dependent local economies

TASK 6. Integrating Multi-Sectoral Governance Frameworks In Support of Local Socio-Economic Development

Strengthened Governance for Managing Ridge to Reef WatershedEcosystems

TASK 7. Establishing Site-Specific IEM-NCI Good GOVERNANCE Framework

Through appropriate governance
bodies to help: Determine Non-Negotiables in a defined
watershed-ecosystem

Align land uses in the uplands, lowlands, and

dowsntream areas Pinpoint and harmonize Guide common objectives

RAAs, individual and collective CDAs

Icon of Good Governance

to achieve

Ensure sound ENRM to

sustain ecosystems

support for investments, livelihoods, enterprises,

production, industries, urban, and coastal areas,

reduce poverty, and Increase private investments.

Help

Why does the Philippines need Ecosystem Management in its Integrated Form at the Watershed-Ecosystem and LGU Levels?

A Single Unit of Watershed-ecosystem whose management is under various governance frameworks!

Why does the Philippines need IEM?

1. Watershed-Dominated landscapes with 267 areas degraded 2. Need to reduce cost of almost 20 billion pesos spent on natural- and CC-related disasters 3. High economic dependence on supply of ecosystems goods and services 4. More than 60% of population in coastal communities 5. More than 20 million people in the uplands

The Need for IEM

6. More than 1.5 million ha of agri lands depend on watersheds

7. Key ENR-based industries depend on water for energy, irrigation, domestic, and recreation use 8. Increasing pollutants in various water bodies 9. Threatened highly diverse ecosystems and unique landscapes

The Benefits of IEM-NCI

Sustained supply of ecosystems goods and services that benefit small farmers, fisher folks, private sector, industries, enterprises, etc. Reduced costs in rehabilitating and restoring damages from man- and natural-caused disasters

The Benefits of IEM-NCI

Increased effectiveness, efficiency, and benefits from shared values between the public and private sectors in higher value chains because investments are based on:
Priorities, Strengths and opportunities Competitive advantages, Sustained supply of ecosystem services Participation of small producers, traders, and processors

The Costs of Adopting IEM-NCI

Assessments, analyses, and developing a common IEM-NCI framework Vertical and horizontal coordination Capacity building Implementation support for strategic programs Design and conduct of M&E system Refining and re-designing implementation strategies

The Consequences of Not Adopting IEM-NCI Approach

1. Wastes of public resources because of fragmented and duplicatory programs in a watershed-ecosystem 2. Increasing public costs of ENR enforcement, rehabilitation, and restoration from more disasters 3. Loss of integrity and confidence in the effectiveness of governance system 4. Loss of ENR-sourced revenues in both the public and private sectors 5. Increasing poverty that may result from lower farm level productivity, less CC-resilient HHs, poor governance 6. Increasing loss of ENR assets

But, IEM ABSTRACT & COMPLEX ConceptsMUST avoid Two Things

Hence, IEM-NCI must be one of the CRACKs of Innovations where lights can get in
"If you want to sit in the shade of a tree tomorrow, you have to water it today."
- Malian Proverb

Looking into Convergence Programs of Philippine Government From Pres Cory Aquino to Pres Noy Aquino

Convergence is the synchronization of the delivery of programs and resources to priority areas and target groups.

Why?
Problems are multidimensional, therefore, need multi-disciplinary approach. Facilitate sustainable development.

Increase physical capital, create durable assets, improved land productivity. Maximize the use of scarce resources through complementation of resources and skills.

Mitigate effect of climate change. Increase social capital, collective planning and implementation.

Strengthen democratic processes through people empowerment.

Produce a result greater than all separate efforts (greater impact) the whole is more than the sum of its parts (G e s t a l t).

Meaningful collaboration is the best approach for solving problems in the 21st century.

Efforts to alleviate Poverty especially in the Rural areas (after the 1987 Constitution)

Kabisig People's Movement

Proclamation No. 650 - June 12, 1990
Pres. Corazon Cojuangco Aquino Institutionalized Kabisig

Objectives:
1. to institutionalize participatory democracy
2. to use the collective strength of the people for poverty alleviation efforts

3. to prevent any attempt in the future in returning the country to a dictatorship

4. to give life to the provisions of the 1987 Constitution that enshrine the idea of people empowerment. Section 15 & 17, Article XIII

Kabisig slogan "MAGTULUNGAN TAYO" nonpartisan, voluntary, multisectoral.

Minimum Basic Needs Approach (MBN) - 33 indicators

Social Reform Agenda (SRA) Republic Act 8425, December 8, 1997 signed by President Joseph Ejercito Estrada, said program was crafted by the administration of President Fidel Valdez Ramos.

"It is the policy of the state to adopt an area-based, sectoral and focused intervention to poverty alleviation wherein every poor Filipino families shall be empowered to meet its minimum basic needs of health, food and nutrition, etc."

Cuts across the different development agenda of government for economic, social, ecological, and institutional.

Composite Strategies
1. Minimum Basic Needs (MBN) Approach- 33 indicators to ensure their basic needs are met.

2. Convergence - ensures interface of National Government Agency (NGA), Local Government Unit (LGU), and civil society in the management of the programs/projects/activities.

3. Community-based approach empowering community members 4. Focused targeting - identifies target beneficiaries

5. Social mobilization steering various sector to participate in the different activities

6. Capability building equips executives, implementors and participants with the needed tools and techniques

7. Enhancing financial management finding other ways of sourcing revenue to supplement the internal revenue allotments

8. Installation of community-based information systems for community to access information

Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services (CIDSS)

by Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) as lead Agency (December 29, 1994)

Executive Order No. 443 dated September 24, 1997 signed by Pres. Fidel Valdez Ramos institutionalized the Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services (CIDSS).

 Targets 100 poorest families in the Barangay using the Minimum Basic Needs (MBN) Approach Poverty Mapping

 Partner institutions were Department of Health, Department of Education Culture and Sports (Department of Education), Department of Labor and Employment, Department of Interior and Local Government and the Local Government Unit.

Lingap Para Sa Mahirap Program

Pres. Joseph Ejercito Estrada

Targeted 100 families in every province or city with clusters of 20 - 25 families identified from a barangay

 Initially a contradiction to Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services (CIDSS)

 Target families were not involved in prioritizing their needs top-down mode of service delivery

 Lingap offers a package of services to target beneficiaries through the different NGA's; CIDSS offers a menu of projects which a CIDSS interagency body could select from community participation

 Lingap tolerated political intervention in the selection of target beneficiaries

Kalahi Program (Kapit-bisig Laban sa Kahirapan)

Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

5 Strategies
1. Asset reform - redistributing land and credit resources to the poor based on government programs: e.g. Agrarian Reform, protection of fisherfolks, Indigenous People's Republic Act (IPRA), etc.

2. Human Development Services access to basic service like education, health, nutrition, shelter, water, sanitation and electrification.

3. Employment and livelihood - creating job opportunities through agriculture and fisheries, apart from micro-financing of small businesses.

4. Participation in governance of basic sectors, participation in local government structures.

5. Social protection and security against violence social safety nets, quick response basic services, e.g. food and emergency employment, etc., long term social security e.g. Philippine Health.

Strategies of Kalahi
1. Convergence approach as propagated by the Social Reform Agenda (SRA). 2. Sustained the Minimum Basic Needs approach for focused targeting of beneficiaries.

3. Expanded Social Reform Agenda (SRA) by adding asset reform and social protection to basic services.

4. Structure - Inter-agency headed by these 4 agencies Commission on Urban Poor (PCUP), Department of Health (DOH), Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), and Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD).

5. Patterned after Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services (CIDSS)

ARC - Department of Agrarian Reform (1994)

A poverty alleviation mechanism using the holistic concept through the convergence of service offers a spatial framework for microregional development.

National Convergence Initiative (NCI) Joint Memorandum Circular 01, Series of 1999 signed by the secretaries of the Department of Agriculture, Department of Agrarian Reform, and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources duly approved by the President.

Goal - To develop and operationalize a common framework for Sustainable Rural Development (SRD) that will facilitate the convergence of the resources of the three agencies to maximize the impact or countryside development.

Complementation of agency initiative within a defined area under a common intervention strategy. A framework of sustainable agriculture and rural development which integrates the people, their economy and their environment.

Encourage active participation of the private sector, nongovernment agencies, civil society organizations the LGU's, academe and other government agencies according to their interests.

2004 Joint Memorandum Circular No. 01, Series of 2004

Reactivation of the NCI under new secretaries. Specific pilot convergence zones were chosen.

2005 National Steering Committee of National Convergence Initiative (NCI) decided to expand the scope of the NCI to nationwide implementation.

Goal 1 MT PDP (2005 - 2010)

to develop 2 million hectares of new lands for agribusiness and generate 2 million jobs strategies:

 sharing of expertise and information collaboration and complementation of projects realigning limited resources reconfiguring agency activities to more focused interventions in identified project areas

PDP (2011 - 2016)

Enhanced National Convergence Initiative (ENCI)
President Benigno Simeon C. Aquino, III

 sustain the agribusiness investment engagement that have been initiated address the weaknesses and gaps that were experienced in the past

 lay-out clear mechanisms for harmonization and complementation among the 3 agencies

 address the conflicting and overlapping policies among the 3 agencies which hamper the implementation of programs and projects on the ground

 clear financing scheme for convergence initiative

a more pro-active role for the Local Government Units in identifying and implementing convergence initiative at the local level

Implementation Principles of the Convergence Strategy

1. The Department of Agriculture (DA), Department of Agrarian Reform Convergence initiative shall be treated as a complementation strategy.

2. Emphasis on the primacy of the Local Government Unit.

3. Adoption of the participatory approach from planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation.

4. Complementation of resources and expertise of the concerned agencies and Local Government Units. 5. Convergence shall be mainstreamed in all programs, projects, and activities of the national agencies and concerned Local Government Units.

6. Funds for the Convergence Initiative shall form part of the work and Financial Plan of each Department, government unit involved.

7. Networking and linkaging with other government entities. 8. Enabling environment to encourage investment by the private sector.

House Bill 5582

Reps Wilfredo Mark M. Enverga, et al

An Act Institutionalizing the Convergence Strategy for Sustainable Rural Development, Providing the Supplementing Mechanisms, therefore, and for other purposes same as the Enhanced National Convergence Initiative (NCI).

Republic Act 7160 of 1991

Sec. 106, 107, and 108; Title Six defines the participation of nongovernment organizations in the Local Development Council.

Primacy of the Local Government Units in national Development Efforts Legal Basis Legal Bases for the participation of NGOS and POs

Chapter 3, Article 1 of RA 7160 Intergovernmental Relations Article One National Governmental and Local Government Units

Section 25b
National agencies and offices with project implementation functions shall coordinate with one another and with the local government units concerned in the discharge of these functions. They shall ensure the participation of local government units both in the planning and implementation of said national projects.

It shall be the duty of every national agency or government owned or controlled corporation authorizing or involved in the planning, implementation of any project that may cause pollution, climatic changeto consult with the local government units, non-governmental organizations and other sectors concerned the goals and objectives of the project or program

Rural Development/countryside Development

Pres. Benigno C. Aquino, III

Strategy for Poverty Reduction

(NEDA 2004) 48.8 % in the rural areas are poor

18.6 % in the urban areas are poor

Philippine Daily Inquirer - July 15, 1998, pp. 1-20 Latest data of NSO on poverty

Richest 10 % of Filipino families - is the only sector that increased its share of the total income.

Long term Goals of Rural Development

1. Poverty reduction and sustainable rural development (SRD)

2. Equitable access to resources and increase in rural incomes

What are the Key Words

Watershed and ecosystem management approach the holistic, collaborative, multiple use and sustainable management of all resources within an ecosystem area. the strategy used by the Enhanced National Convergence Initiative (ENCI).

Ridge-to-reef strategy refers to the development approach to improve the lives of the rural poor by utilizing land from upland and forest areas, in middle and lowland areas, down to the coastal areas, premised on the principle that ecosystems are interdependent and that interventions in one ecosystem affects other ecosystems.

Upland and forest system refers to the areas with at least 18 percent slope.

Ecosystem a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit.

Local Convergence Areas (LCA) based on the framework defined through its Comprehensive Areas Development Plan (CADP) characterized by the presence of key communities with potentials for connectivity in each ecosystem.

Secondary growth forest refers to the longest and most dynamic natural forest ecosystem in the Philippines. It refers to areas which has been disturbed in some way, naturally or unnaturally.

Watershed refers to a typographically delineated area of land from which rainwater can drain as surface run-off.

Enhanced National Convergence Initiative refers to the national convergence initiative strategy provided for under DA, DAR, DENR, and Joint Memorandum Circular No. 01, Series of 2010.

Watershed and Ecosystem approach - the convergence strategy that will be used by the Enhanced National Convergence Initiative (ENCI). It is the holistic, collaborative, multiple use and sustainable management of all resources within a watershed.

1.

Perceived mechanism problems among the past efforts towards rural development using convergence or interface approach.

Fragmentation of policies silo syndrome

Unclear roles of participating sector

Participating arrangements

Monitoring and evaluation

Capability building Legal framework

Sustainability Policy framework

Fostering Alliance Governance

Most significant factors for success of convergence or interface (Bautista, 1999) 1. Community preparation 2. Community mobilization 3. Commitment of the local executive

Problems and Issues

(Bautista, 1999)

1. Convergence problem problems of coordination (compliance only without real appreciation)

2. Community-based approach community organization was done only in specific areas 3. Focused Targeting - MBN approach to target beneficiaries was used only in specific areas

4. Community-based Information System - lack of competence by service workers to analyze and interpret MBN results 5. Social Mobilization

6. Financial support

2.

How can these mechanisms be enhanced or strengthened for effective and efficient national convergence initiatives for rural development?