Circle

Adii
Class -10B
Session Objectives
Session Objective
1. Position of a point
2. Intersection of a line and a circle
3. Intercept on axes by a circle
4. Condition of tangency
5. Tangent at a point to the circle
6. Director circle
7. Length of a tangent
8. Two Circles Touch/Intersects
9. Common Tangents
Position of A Point with
respect to a Circle
C
P(x
1
,y
1
)
If point P is outside the circle then

2 2
1 1 1 1
x y 2gx 2fy c 0 + + + + >
1
or S 0 >
Position of A Point with
respect to a Circle
If point P is inside the circle
then S
1
< 0
If point P is on the circle then
S
1
= 0
Illustrative Example
Find the position of the points
P
1
(5,1),P
2
(4,3),P
3
(3,2) w.r.t to the
circle x
2
+y
2
-25=0
S x
2
+y
2
-25=0
S
(5,1)
=5
2
+1
2
-25>0

(5,1) lies outside
S
(4,3)
=0

(4,3) lies on the circle
S
(3,2)
=3
2
+2
2
-25<0

(3,2) lies Inside
Solution
Intersection of a straight line
and a circle
2 2 2
x y a + =
y = m x + c
Solving equation of circle and equation of
line we get
+ + + =
2 2 2 2
(1 m )x 2mcx (c a ) 0 which is quadratic in x
Intersection of a straight line
and a circle
2 2 2 2 2
D 4m c 4(1 m )(c a ) = +
Case 1: if D>0 then points of
intersection are real and
distinct.
D 0 >
2 2 2 2 2
4m c 4(1 m )(c a ) 0 + >
2 2 2
a (1 m ) c + >
2
2
2
c
a
1 m
>
+
Intersection of a straight line
and a circle
2
c
1 m +
is the length of perpendicular
from the center to the given line.
i.e. length of radius > length of
perpendicular from center to the line.
2
c
a
1 m
>
+
Intersection of a straight line
and a circle
Case 2: if D=0 then points of
intersection are coincident.
Case 3: if D<0 then points of
intersection are imaginary.
Illustrative problem
Find the coordinate of the point of
intersection of the line 7x - y - 25 = 0
and the circle x
2
+ y
2
= 25.
Solving equation of circle and line
we get
+ =
2 2
x (7x 25) 25
Solution:
+ + =
2 2
x 49x 350x 625 25 0
+ =
2
50x 350x 600 0
+ =
2
x 7x 12 0
Solution Cont.
= (x 4)(x 3) 0
= = = = when x 4, y 3 and x 3, y 4
point of int er sec tion are (4,3),(3, 4)
2
x 7x 12 0 + =
Intercept on axes
If circle x
2
+y
2
+2gx+2fy+c=0 cuts
x-axis at A & B and y-axis at C & D.
.
x
y
A

B
C
D
(x
A
,0) (x
B
,0)
(0,x
C
)
(0,x
D
)
Intercept on X-axis=length of
AB =l x
B
-x
A
l
x
A
, x
B
are the roots of x
2
+2gx+c=0

l x
B
-x
A
l=
B A
2
B A
x 4x ) x (x +
c g 2
2
=
As equation of X-axis y=0
Intercept on axes
x
A

B
C
D
.
(x
A
,0) (x
B
,0)
(0,x
C
)
(0,x
D
)
y
Intercept on Y-axis=length of
CD =l y
D
-y
C
l
As equation of Y-axis x=0
y
D
,y
C
are the roots of y
2
+2fy+c=0

l y
D
-y
C
l=
D C
2
C D
y 4y ) y (y +
c f 2
2
=
Intercept on axes
1.if g
2
=c X-axis become
tangent to the circle
2.if f
2
=c Y-axis become tangent to the circle
3.if g
2
=f
2
=c both axes become tangent to the circle
Intercept on axes
Find the X & Y intercept of the circle
x
2
+y
2
-12x+6y-4=0
g=6,f=-3,c=-4
X-intercept =
2
2 g c
=(40)
1/2
Y-intercept =
2
2 f c
=(13)
1/2
Solution:
Tangent to the circle
P
Q
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
Condition for tangency
If y=mx+c be tangent to the circle
x
2
+y
2
=a
2
then discriminant of
x
2
(1+m
2
)+2 mcx+ (c
2
-a
2
)=0 will
be zero
4m
2
c
2
-4(1+m
2
)(c
2
-a
2
)=0
c
2
=a
2
(1+m
2
)
= +
2
c a 1 m
= +
2
y mx a 1 m
x
2
+y
2
=r
2
Number of tangents to a
circle with slope m
.
x
2
+y
2
=r
2
2
m 1 r mx y + + =
2
m 1 r mx y + =
for circle x
2
+y
2
=r
2
,line of slope m
makes two tangents
2
m 1 r mx y + =
2
m 1 r mx y + + =
Illustrative Example
Find the equation of the tangents to
the circle x
2
+y
2
-4x-6y-3=0 which
perpendicular to the line 4x+3y+5=0
Line to 4x+3y+5=0 is of form 3x-4y+=0
Center(2,3)
distance of 3x-4y+=0 from (2,3)
6 12
d
2 2
3 ( 4)
+
=
+
Radius(r)=4
As 3x-4y+=0 is tangent d=r
Solution:
Solution Cont.
6
4
5

=
6 20 =
= 26 or -14
Ans: 3x-4y+26=0 and 3x-4y-14=0
Tangent at a point (point form)
Let the equation of the
circle be
2 2 2
x y a + =
Equation of tangent at (x
1
,y
1
) is
xx
1
+yy
1
= a
2
Equation of tangent at (x
1
,y
1
) to the cirle
x
2
+ y
2
+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
xx
1
+ yy
1
+ g(x+x
1
) + f(y+y
1
) + c = 0
Point form
Working rule to write the
Equation of tangent at (x
1
,y
1
)
Which lies on the circle.
Step 1: In the equation of the circle substitute
xx
1
for x
2
, yy
1
for y
2
,
for x, for y and keep the
constant same.

1
x x
2
+
| |
|
\ .
1
y y
2
+
| |
|
\ .
Illustrative Example
Find the equation of the tangent to
the circle x
2
+y
2
-2x-2y-23=0 at
(5,4)
Check (5,4) lies on the circle
S
(5,4)
=0
Apply formula 5x+4y-(x+5)-(y+4)-23=0
Ans: 4x+3y-32=0
Solution:
Director Circle
P(h,k)
C
2
y mx a 1 m = + +
Let any tangent to the circle is
Since it passes through (h,k)
2
k mh a 1 m = + +
Locus of point of
intersection of
perpendicular tangents
Director Circle
2 2 2 2 2
(h a )m 2hkm k a 0 + =
This is a quadratic in m which
gives two values of m for two
different tangents.
Let m
1
and m
2
be the slope of
the tangents
2 2
1 2 2 2
k a
mm 1
h a

= =

2 2 2
k h 2a + =
Locus represents a circle known as director circle
And its equation is
2 2 2
x y 2a + =
2
k mh a 1 m = + +
Length of tangent
PC
2
=d
2
= (x
1
+g)
2
+(y
1
+f)
2
x
2
+y
2
+2gx+2fy+c=0
. P(x
1
,y
1
)
T
C(-g,-f)
T
d
c f g
2 2
+
CT
2
=r
2
=g
2
+f
2
-c
Tangent is PT or PT
PT
2
= PC
2
- CT
2
PT
2
= (x
1
+g)
2
+(y
1
+f)
2
(g
2
+f
2
-c)
As PTCT
S x
2
+y
2
+2gx+2fy+c=0
S
1
x
1
2
+y
1
2
+2gx
1
+2fy
1
+c
Length of tangent
PT
2
= x
1
2
+y
1
2
+2gx
1
+2fy
1
+c
PT
2
= S
1
PT

= length of tangent
1
S =
PT
2
= S
1
is called power of a point P
For x
2
+y
2
=r
2
from point P(x
1
,y
1
)

Length of tangent=
2
2
1
2
1
r y x +
Illustrative Example
Find the length of the tangent from the
point (6,4) to the circle 2x
2
+2y
2
-8 =0
S x
2
+y
2
-4=0
P(6,4)
S
1
=6
2
+4
2
-4
Ans:(48)
1/2
Solution:
Two Circles touch
Externally
When two circles touch each other
externally
c
1
c
2
r
1
r
2
Distance C
1
C
2
= r
1
+r
2
Two Circles touch Internally
When two circles touch each other
internally
Distance C
1
C
2
= | r
1
- r
2
|

c
1 c
2
r
1
r
2
or c
2 c
1
r
2
r
1
r
1
> r
2
r
2
> r
1
Two Intersecting Circles
When two circles intersect at real
points
c
1
r
1
c
2
r
2
| r
1
- r
2
| < Distance C
1
C
2
< r
1
+r
2

Circles Neither touching
nor intersecting
When two circles do not intersect
(a) When one circle lie completely
outside the other
c
1
r
1
c
2
r
2
Distance C
1
C
2
> r
1
+ r
2

Circles Neither touching
nor intersecting
(b) When one circle lie completely
inside the other
Distance C
1
C
2
< |r
1
- r
2
|
c
1
r
1
c
2
r
2
c
2
r
2
c
1
r
1
or
Illustrative Problem
If the two circles (x-1)
2
+ (y-3)
2
=

r
2
and x
2
+ y
2
8x + 2y + 8 = 0
intersect in two distinct points then
(a) r > 2 (b) 2 < r < 8 (c) r < 8 (d) none
Solution:
The circles intersect at two
distinct points then
|r
1
- r
2
| < c
1
c
2
< r
1
+r
2
Solution Cont.
1 2 1 2
c c r r 9 16 r 3 < + + < +
5 r 3 < + r 2 >
1 2 1 2
c c r r 5 r 3 > >
5 r 3 5 r 8 < < <
2 r 8 < <
Common Tangents To Two
Circles
CLC
1
and CMC
2
are similar triangles.
c
1
c
2
c

L

r
1
r
2
M

1 1
2 2
cc r
cc r
=
Point C divides C
1
C
2
in the ratio r
1
:r
2

externally
Direct common tangent
Common Tangents To Two
Circles
Then for direct common tangents,
find point C and find the tangents
from the point C
Common Tangents To Two
Circles
Transverse Common Tangent
c
1
r
1
c
2
r
2
D
L
M
DC
1
L

and DC
2
M

are similar triangles.
1 1
2 2
C D r
C D r
=
Point D divides C
1
C
2
internally in the
ratio r
1
:r
2
Number Of Common
Tangents
Case 1: when two circles touch
externally i.e.
Distance C
1
C
2
= r
1
+ r
2
Number of common tangents = 3
Number Of Common
Tangents
Case 2: when two circles touch
internally i.e.
Distance C
1
C
2
= |r
1
- r
2
|
Number of common tangents = 1
Number Of Common
Tangents
Case 3: when two circles intersect
at real and and distinct points i.e.
|r
1
- r
2
|< Distance C
1
C
2
= r
1
+r
2
Number of common tangents = 2
Number Of Common
Tangents
Case 4: when one circle lying
completely inside other i.e.
Distance C
1
C
2
< |r
1
-r
2
|
Number of common tangents = 0
Number Of Common
Tangents
Case 5: when one circle lying
completely outside other i.e.
Distance C
1
C
2
> r
1
+r
2

Number of common tangents = 4
Illustrative Problem
The number of common tangents
to the circle x
2
+y
2
=4 and
x
2
+y
2
-6x-8y=24 is
(a)0 (b)1 (c)3 (d)4
Solution:
C
1
is (0,0); r
1
= 2
C
2
is (3,4); r
2
= 7
C
1
C
2
= 5; |r
1
-r
2
| = 5 Hence circles touch internally
Number of common tangents = 1
Class Exercise
Class Exercise - 1
An equation of a line passing through
the point (2, 11) and touching the
circle x
2
+ y
2
= 25 is

(a) 4x + 3y = 125 (b) 3x + 4y = 38
(c) 24x 7y + 125 = 0 (d) 7x + 24y 230 = 0
Solution
Let y 11 = m (x + 2) be tangent
mx + 2m y + 11 = 0
( )
( )
+
= + = +
+
2
2
2
2m 11
5 2m 11 25 1 m
1 m
21 m
2
44 m 96 = 0
=
4 24
m or
3 7
Equation of tangents are 4x + 3y = 25 and
24x 7y + 125 = 0.
Hence, answer is (c).
Class Exercise - 2
A line meets the coordinate axes in A
and B. A circle circumscribes the triangle
OAB. If m and n are the distances of the
tangent to the circle at the origin from the
points A and B respectively, the diameter
of the circle is

(a) m (m + n) (b) m + n

(c) n (m + n) (d) ( )
+
1
m n
2
Solution
X
Y
O
A (a,0)
B (0,b)
m
n
M
N
Let A be (a, 0) and B be (0, b).
Equation of circle is (x a) (x 0) + (y 0) (y b) = 0
(since AB is diameter)
Solution Cont.
+ =
2 2
x y ax by 0
Tangent at origin is
+ +
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ . \ .
x 0 y 0
x 0 y 0 a b 0
2 2
+ = ax by 0
m = perpendicular distance
from (a, 0) to the tangent.
=
+
2
2 2
a
m
a b
also
=
+
2
2 2
b
n
a b
+ = +
2 2
m n a b
Diameter is
+ = +
2 2
a b m n
Hence, answer is (b).
Class Exercise - 3
Equation of the circle with center
(4, 3) and touching the circle
x
2
+ y
2
= 1 is

(a) x
2
+ y
2
8x 6y + 9 = 0
(b) x
2
+ y
2
+ 8x + 6y 11 = 0
(c) x
2
+ y
2
8x 6y 11 = 0
(d) x
2
+ y
2
+ 8x + 6y 9 = 0
Solution
If circles touch each other externally then
c
1
c
2
= r
1
+ r
2
+ = +
2 2
1
4 3 r 1
= + =
1 1
5 r 1 r 4
Equation of circle is (x 4)
2
+ (y 3)
2
= 16
x
2
+ y
2
8x 6y + 9 = 0
If circles touch each other internally
c
1
c
2
= r
1
r
2

Solution Cont.
5 = r
1
1 r
1
= 6
Equation of circle is (x 4)
2
+ (y 3)
2
= 36
x
2
+ y
2
8x 6y 11 = 0
Hence, answer is (c).
Class Exercise - 4
The equation of a circle which touches the
y-axis at (0, 2) and cuts off an intercept 3
on the x-axis is

(a) x
2
+ y
2
+ 4x 5y + 4 = 0
(b) x
2
+ y
2
+ 5x 4y + 6 = 0
(c) x
2
+ y
2
5x 4y + 4 = 0
(d) x
2
+ y
2
5x + 4y + 4 = 0
Solution:
Since circle touches y-axis at (0, 2)
its equation is .
( ) ( )
o + = o
2 2
2
x y 2
+ o + =
2 2
x y 2 x 4y 4 0
Solution Cont.
Intercept on x-axis = 3
o = o = o =
2 2 2
9 25
2 4 3 4
4 4
o =
5
2
Equation of circle is x
2
+ y
2
+ 5x 4y + 4 = 0
or x
2
+ y
2
5x 4y + 4 = 0
Hence, answer is (c).
Class Exercise - 5
If the two circles (x 1)
2
+ (y 3)
2
= r
2
and x
2
+ y
2
8x + 2y + 8 = 0 intersect
in two distinct points then

(a) r > 2 (b) 2 < r < 8
(c) r < 8 (d) None of these
Solution:
Two circles intersect at two distinct points then
|r
1
r
2
| < c
1
c
2
< r
1
+ r
2

c
1
c
2
< r
1
+ r
2
+ < + 9 16 r 3
Solution Cont.
< + 5 r 3
( )
( )
(
(

1
2
c is 1, 3
c is 4, 1
> r 2
> >
1 2 1 2
c c | r r | 5 | r 3 |
< < < < < 5 r 3 5 r 8 2 r 8
Hence, answer is (b).
Class Exercise - 6
Find the greatest distance of the
point (10, 7) from the curve
x
2
+ y
2
4x 2y 20 = 0.
Solution:
Given curve is circle.
Centre is (2, 1), radius =
+ + = 4 1 20 5
r
C
(2,1)
Q
P(10,7)
Solution Cont.
Point (10, 7) lies outside the circle,
since S
1
> 0 greatest distance of
point (10, 7) is PQ = PC + CQ = PC + r
= 10 + 5 = 15
= + + 64 36 5
Class Exercise - 7
Find the length of the tangents from
point (1, 2) to the circle
2x
2
+ 2y
2
+ 6x 8y + 3 = 0.
Solution:
Equation of circle is + + + =
2 2
3
S x y 3x 4y 0
2
Length of tangent =
1
S
= + + + =
2 2
3 3
1 2 3 1 4(2)
2 2
Class Exercise - 8
Prove that the tangent to the circle
x
2
+ y
2
= 5 at the point (1, 2) also
touches the circle
x
2
+ y
2
8x + 6y + 20 = 0.
Solution :
Tangent at (1, 2) to x
2
+ y
2
= 5 is
x 1 + y (2) = 5
x 2y 5 = 0.
x 2y 5 = 0 will touch
x
2
+ y
2
8x + 6y + 20 = 0
If perpendicular distance from
centre to x 2y 5 = 0 is
equal to radius.
( )

+
= = =
+
| 4 2 3 5 |
| 4 6 5 |
5 radius
1 4 5
Class Exercise - 9
Find the equation of common tangents
to the circles x
2
+ y
2
2x 6y + 9 = 0
and x
2
+ y
2
+ 6x 2y + 1 = 0.
Solution:
We have c
1
is (1, 3),
= + =
1
r 1 9 9 1
c
2
is (3, 1),
= + =
2
r 9 1 1 3
= + =
1 2
c c 16 4 2 5
+ = > +
1 2 1 2 1 2
r r 4 c c r r
Solution Cont.
There will be four tangents.
Let us find direct tangents.
Let tangents meet at point P.
P divides (1, 3) and (3, 1) externally
in the ratio 1 : 3.
P is (3, 4)
Let tangents be y 4 = m (x 3).
+ = mx 3m y 4 0
Solution Cont.
+
=
+
2
| m 1 3m 3 4 |
1
1 m
(as it touches the circle of radius 1)
= +
2
1 2m 1 m
+ = +
2 2
4m 4m 1 1 m
= =
2
4
3m 4m 0 m 0,
3
Tangents are
y 4 = 0 y = 4
and y 4 = (x 3)
4
3
3y 12 = 4x 12
4x 3y = 0
Solution Cont.
Let us find transverse tangents
Let transverse tangents meet at Q.
Q divides c
1
c
2
in the ratio 1 : 3 internally
+ +
= =
3 3 1 9 5
Q is 0,
4 4 2
Equation of tangent is
( )
=
5
y m x 0
2
= + =
5 5
y mx mx y 0
2 2
[Using circle C
1
]
Solution Cont.
= +
2
1
| m | 1 m
2
+ = +
2 2
1
m m 1 m ...(A)
4
=
3
m
4
Equation of tangent is
=
5 3
y x
2 4

=
2y 5 3x
2 4
= 4y 10 3x
+ = 3x 4y 10
Solution Cont.
Since the circles are not intersecting, we
should have got two values of m, but we
have got only one value of m, i.e. m = 3/4.
For both the equations of circles, we observe
that f
2
= c, i.e. both the circles are touching
y-axis. Therefore the fourth tangent is x = 0.
Since slope of y-axis is , we are not getting
the value mathematically from equation (A).
Class Exercise 10
Find the equation of normal to the circle
x
2
+ y
2
= 25 which is perpendicular to
3x 4y = 5.
Solution:
Normal perpendicular to 3x 4y = 5 is 4x + 3y + k = 0
Normal passes through centre of the circle
k = 0
Normal is 4x + 3y = 0.
Thank you