Protection Discrimination and Timing

On the ADVC Controller

With a flexVUE Operator Interface

Discrimination Overview
The purpose of this presentation is to show how protection discrimination is achieved with the ADVC Controller. The following topics will be covered: Discrimination by time. Discrimination by current. Discrimination by time and current. Standard and non standard curves available on the ADVC. How protection curves can be modified to assist in achieving coordination and discrimination.
Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE> 2

Principle of Discrimination
Correct discrimination ensures that the faulty part of a power system only is isolated as quickly as possible, leaving all of the fault-free parts energised. Fault F1 may be detected by protection devices A, B, C and D. Time to Trip for D should be shorter than C which is shorter than B etc.
B

This ensures that only the circuit necessary to clear the fault is disconnected by either primary or back-up protection.

D F1

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

Discrimination Interval
The difference in operation time T between two successive protection devices is the discrimination interval. It takes into account -Breaking time Tc of the
downstream circuit breaker, which includes the breaker response time and the arcing time. -Time delay tolerances dT -Upstream protection unit overshoot time tr.
-A safety margin m.

Example: -Tc = 50 ms -dT = 30 ms -Tr = 30 ms

TB TA

dTB
30ms

TcB
50ms

m
60ms

trA
30ms

dTA
30ms

Discrimination Interval T

200 ms

T should therefore satisfy the relation: -T Tc + tr +2dT + m

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE> 4

Time to Trip
The time delay between Pickup and Trip is determined by the protection settings applied. The Time to Trip is dependant on whether the active trip is set to: Possible Active Trips
-Trip 1 -Trip 2 -Trip 3

-Definite Time
-Trip4

-Instantaneous Only
-Single Shot

-Inverse Time

-Work Tag

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

Trip Settings on the flexVUE Operator Interface

ENGINEERING MENU Protection menu Configuration menu Power quality Telemetry menu Automation menu Measurements menu

PROTECTION MENU Protection Global Protection Trip Settings Protection Control Directional Elements

PROT TRIP SETTINGS Trip 1, 2, 3, 4 (Reclose time, Protection & reset curve for P, E, SEF, NPS) Single Shot (SS reset time, Protection & reset curve for P, E, SEF, NPS) Work Tag (Protection & reset curve for P, E, SEF, NPS) Under Over Frequency (Under, Over, Normal Close, Low V inhibit, Bushing) Under Over Voltage (Under, Over, Config) Loss of Phase (On/Off/Alarm, Voltage, Timeout)

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

Types of Discrimination
Various means can be used by the ADVC controller to implement discrimination between devices. Time-based discrimination
-Definite Time

Current-based discrimination
-Instantaneous Only

Discrimination based on time and current

-Inverse Curves

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

Time-Based Discrimination

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

Time-Based Discrimination
Time-based discrimination consists of assigning different time delays to the overcurrent protection units distributed through the power system. The closer the relay is to the source, the longer the time delay. Advantages:
-Provides back-up -It is simple
DT = 1.1s

A
DT = 0.8s

DT = 0.5s

Drawbacks
-The longest fault clearance time occurs for faults closest to the source where the fault level is highest.
DT = 0.2s

D F1

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

Trip 1 Phase Protection Definite Time

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

10

1.0 s Definite Time Curve

1.0s

4.00

> 200A

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

11

1.0 s Definite Time Curve with x4 Instantaneous

1.0s

4.00

<0.010s 200-800A

> 800A

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

12

Current-Based Discrimination

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

13

Current-Based Discrimination
Current-based discrimination works on the principle that the further the fault is from the source, the lower the fault current will be. The threshold is set to a value lower than the minimum shortcircuit current caused by a fault in the protected section and higher than the maximum current caused by a fault in the next section.
IsA=960A

A
IsB=780A

IscAmin = 1000A

B
IscBmin = 800A IsC=490A

C F1
IscCmin = 500A

Each protection device should only pickup for faults located in the section of feeder immediately downstream.
Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

14

Current-Based Discrimination with Transformers

For sections of lines separated by a transformer, it can be of benefit to use this system since it is simple, cost effective and fast (instantaneous).
IsA < IscAmin

IsA=960A

F1
IscAmin=1250A

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

15

Current-Based Discrimination with Transformers

Protection devices should be set such that:
IscBmax < IsA < IscAmin
IsA=960A

Time delays TA and TB are independent and TA may be shorter than TB Drawbacks:
-The upstream protection device (A) does not provide back-up for the downstream device.

TA=0.6s

IscAmin=1250A

IscBmax 760A IsB=600A

TB=0.9s

-In practice it is difficult to define the settings for two cascading protection devices and still ensure discrimination unless there are transformers between sections.
Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

F1

16

Current-Based Discrimination with Transformers

A
IsA=960A

TA=0.6s

TB

IscAmin=1250A

TA
IscBmax 760A IsB=600A

TB=0.9s

I
IsB IscB IsA max
IscA min

F1

To ensure discrimination: 1.25 IscBmax < IsA < 0.8 IscAmin

17

IscBmax < IsA < IscAmin

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

Trip 1 Phase Protection Instantaneous Only

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

18

Instantaneous Only Curve

0.3

<0.010s

> 200A

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

19

Instantaneous Only Curve with Minimum Time

0.3

0.30s

> 200A

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

20

Discrimination by Time and Current

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

21

Discrimination by Time and Current

A combination of both time and current discrimination can be used to achieve total discrimination with built-in redundancy or back-up.
Feeder 1

In the example below device B uses Definite Time and device A uses Definite Time with an Instantaneous multiplier.
t B A Feeder 2

A is the Primary protection device for Feeder 1 Back-up for feeder 2

B
B is the Primary protection device for Feeder 2

A DT

T
B DT A Inst IsB IsA IscB IinstA IscA

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

22

IDMT Inverse Time Curves

With this characteristic, the time of operation is inversely proportional to the fault current level and the actual characteristic is a function of both time and current settings. ADVC Inverse Curves -IEC255
Standard

10.0

1.0

Inverse Very Inverse Extremely Inverse

0.1

-IEEE
Standard

0.01

Moderately Inverse Standard Very Inverse Standard Extremely Inverse

-TCC
42

Non-standard curves

1 0

1 0 0

1 0 0 0

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

23

IEC255 Inverse Curves

IEC60255 Standard Curves Standard Inverse Time Time to Trip = 0.14 / ( Im0.02 1) Very Inverse Time Time to Trip = 13.5 / ( Im 1) Extremely Inverse Time Time to Trip = 80.0 / (Im2 1)

IEC255 Inverse Curves

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

24

IEEE Inverse Curves

IEEE Standard Inverse Curves Moderately Inverse Time Time to Trip = (0.0515( Im0.02 1)) + 0.114 Very Inverse Time Time to Trip = (19.61 / (Im2 1)) + 0.491 Extremely Inverse Time Time to Trip = (28.2 / (Im2 1)) + 0.1217
IEEE Inverse Curves

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

25

TCC Non-Standard Inverse Curves

The group of 42 TCC nonstandard curves are generally plotted curves that do not comply to a formulae. -TCC136 -TCC101 -TCC131 -TCC121 -TCC161 -TCC200
Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE> 26

Selection of TCC Inverse Curves

Selecting an Inverse Curve

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

27

IEC255 Standard Inverse Curve

2.00

10.03s 2.97s

400A x2

2000A x10

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

28

IEC255 Standard Inverse Curve TM x2

2.00 0.20

20.06s
5.94s

400A x2

2000A x10

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

29

IEC255 Standard Inverse Curve TM x0.2

2.00 0.20

2.006s 0.59s

400A x2

2000A x10

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

30

IEC255 Standard Inverse Curve TM x0.2

2.00 0.20

0.80

2.006s 0.59s

400A x2

2000A x10

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

31

IEC255 Standard Inverse Curve Min Time = 0.8s

2.00 0.20

0.80 0.20

2.006s 0.80s

400A x2

2000A x10

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

32

IEC255 Standard Inverse Curve Add Time = 0.2s

2.00 0.20

0.80 0.20

2.206s 0.80s

400A x2

2000A x10

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

33

IEC255 Standard Inverse Tripping Times

E
200A IEC255 SI

B
40A IEC255 SI

F2 2500A

F1 400A

Current ACR Setting Multiple

Trip Time

Fault F1 400A

B E

X 10 X2 X 12.5

2.97s 10.03s 2.7s

34

Fault F2 2000A

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

Effect of Applying Time Multiplier = 0.2

E
200A IEC255 SI

B
40A IEC255 SI

F2 2500A

F1 400A

Current ACR Setting Multiple

Trip Time

Time Multiplier 0.2

Fault F1 400A

B E

X 10 X2 X 12.5

2.97s 10.03s 2.7s

0.594s 2.006s 0.54s

35

Fault F2 2000A

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

Effect of Applying Minimum Time = 2.0s

E
200A IEC255 SI

B
40A IEC255 SI

F2 2500A

F1 400A

Current ACR Setting Multiple

Trip Time

Time Multiplier 0.2

Minimum Time 2.0s 2.0s 2.006s 2.0s

36

Fault F1 400A

B E

X 10 X2 X 12.5

2.97s 10.03s 2.7s

0.594s 2.006s 0.54s

Fault F2 2000A

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

Effect of Applying Additional Time = 1.0s

E
200A IEC255 SI

B
40A IEC255 SI

F2 2500A

F1 400A

Current ACR Setting Multiple

Trip Time

Time Multiplier 0.2

Minimum Time 2.0s 2.0s 2.006s 2.0s

Additional Time 1.0s 2.0s 3.006s 2.0s

37

Fault F1 400A

B E

X 10 X2 X 12.5

2.97s 10.03s 2.7s

0.594s 2.006s 0.54s

Fault F2 2000A

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

Applying an Instantaneous Modifier

E Inst x 12 Inst x 14 D C B
40A IEC255 SI

200A IEC255 SI

F2 3000A

Isc = 2400A

Current ACR Setting Multiple Trip Time Instantaneous Additional Minimum Time Time Multiplier X 14 Fault F2 3000A E X 15 2.52s <0.01s 1.0s <0.01s 2.0s 2.0s

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

38

Protection Discrimination - Review

The main objectives of Protection Coordination are:
When a fault is detected, only the smallest part of the network necessary to isolate that fault should be disconnected. This means that for a given fault the primary protection device should operate in the shortest possible time to clear the fault. If the primary protection device fails to clear the fault in the expected time, a back-up device should clear the fault in a longer but still acceptable time.

Three types of discrimination can be used by the ADVC controller:

1. Discrimination by Time Definite time 2. Discrimination by Current Instantaneous Only 3. Discrimination by both Time and Current Inverse Curves

Definite Time curves can be modified by:

Instantaneous

Instantaneous Only curves can be modified by:

Minimum Time

Inverse Curves can be modified by:

Time Multiplier, Instantaneous, Additional Time and Minimum Time.

Schneider Electric < AUTHOR > <DATE>

39